معلومات عن الصومال بالانجليزي

تعبير تقرير برجراف فقرة برزنتيشن بحث موضوع ملخص جاهز باللغة الانجليزي  كتابة انشاء عبارات حكم اقوال تعبير بالانجليزي عن. تقرير جاهز سهل بسيط قطعة معلومات بسيطة مبسط نبذة عن الاقتصاد السكان تعبير عن بلادي اسم كلمة معنى كيف تكتب مترجم رحلة

information about    presentation معلومات عن مقال جمهورية دولة حول  تكاليف المعيشه السياحة في  للطلاب عرض ملخص مختصر حول الحياة والعادات والتقاليد فى  لمحة تعريفية بالانجلش تلخيص قصير تحدث  تقرير انجليزي عن اي دوله معلومات القرن الافريقي 

موضوع عن الصومال بالانجليزي محمد عبد الله محمد مقديشو الصومال معلومات عن الصومال بالانجليزي اسباب المجاعة في الصومال برزنتيشن عن مجاعة الصومال بالانجليزي

somalia flag

news

somaliland

Introduction

Somalia, whose full name is the Federal Republic of Somalia, is a country in the eastern horn of Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, in eastern Ethiopia. Small country with complicated history, (in comparison: slightly smaller than Texas: 637,357 km²) whose capital is Mogadishu and divided into 18 regions. The vast majority of the population is of Sunni Muslim faith.

- Form of State: Somalia became an independent state on 1 July 1960, resulting from the meeting of "British Somaliland" and "Italian Somaliland". July 1st has become a national holiday for Somalis. This is a Federal Republic, currently headed by the President is currently: Hassan Sheikh Mohamoud (elected on 10 September 2012 in the 2nd round by the Transitional Federal Parliament meeting in Mogadishu, getting 190 votes against incumbent President Sharif Sheikh Ahmed who gets 79) and his prime minister Abdi Farah Shirdon Said.

- The languages used are Somali (official language), Arabic which is the second language. English and Italian are also spoken, which remain British and Italian colonial influences. Swahili languages are also widespread. It is a group of Bantu languages from East Africa that are the result of a mixture of African languages, Arabic and Persian. They have common characteristics and especially a common vocabulary that allows its users to be more or less understand the various speakers of this group of languages.

- Economic data: The currency of the country is the Somali Shiling (SOS). The distribution of the Somali GNP reveals a predominantly agricultural society (60.2% of the GNP), and very little industrialized (only 7.4% of the GNP).

Somalia's HDI was not included in the 2012 United Nations Development Program (UNDP) human development report due to data access restrictions that prevented estimates from being made.

- Demographics (2013): Somalia is home to 10,251,568 inhabitants and its population is steadily increasing (natural increase of 2.85%), due to a high fertility rate (6.76 children per woman in 2013).

The population structure is mostly young, with 44.4% of the population aged between 0 and 14, 53% of the population between 15 and 64 years old and only 2.6% of the population over 65 years of age. This is explained by a relatively low life expectancy at birth (51.19 years).

The literacy rate is 49.7% for men and only 25.8% for women.

  Ethnic composition: Somalia is almost entirely populated by Somalis (about 6 million in Somalia, which represents 85% of the total population). Originally nomadic, this people almost exclusively Muslim Orthodox rite Chafite, has gradually settled down and today, many are farmers or traders. The internal structuring of the Somali ethnic group is essentially based on a division of tribes, themselves subdivided into clans and sub-clans. The main tribes are the Darod, divided into Mijurtein, Ogadenu and Marehan, which are by far the most numerous, occupying central and northwestern Somalia. There is also the Issaq tribe in the North, then the Issa, more localized in the vicinity of Djibouti, and the Diredawa as well as the Hawaiié of south-central Somalia (Mogadishu). Although they have become sedentary, these tribes continue to challenge each other, whereas traditionally these rivalries originated in rivalries between nomads.

The Somali group coexists with the Somali Bantu, who remain in southern Somalia (coastal regions and Juba and Shebele rivers). In an uncertain number, these populations have preserved their language, and are the remains of the natives, whom the Somalis repressed. There are also the Boranas, the Issas people, the Mijikenda ...

 socioeconomic

The 25-year war in Somalia and the ongoing insecurity crisis have contributed to the severe deterioration of the country's socio-economic conditions and have made it one of the poorest countries in the world.

Human development indicators, while mere estimates because of lack of information on the country, appear to be the worst in all of Africa.

Thus, societal conditions or provision of social services such as access to health, education, sanitation, water supply, but especially nutrition have greatly deteriorated and the state does not provide this function of protector, which is ultimately ensured by clans or extended families. With a per capita GDP of US $ 600, Somalis in Somalia also benefit greatly from the financial assistance provided by Somalis abroad who send them money (diaspora).

First, with regard to health, it should be noted that the average annual health expenditure per capita is about US $ 8, and that in 2006 there were 0.035 physicians per 1000 inhabitants.

Thus, most of the care is provided by private providers or international organizations, but the child and infant mortality rates remain considerably high (108.4 and 178 per 1000 births).

In education, Somalia's education system collapsed in 1991, leading to a reorganization of education, which is now largely private, and the proliferation of Qur'anic schools based on Wahhabi doctrine. . With an adult literacy rate of 24 per cent, Somalia is once again at the bottom of the world rankings.

Finally, the combination of conflict with natural disasters in Somalia has reduced livelihoods and made the country food insecure. Although all populations are affected, it is the rural populations who suffer most from the situation, as well as the nomadic pastoral communities. The food crisis has been aggravated by past political chaos, and food energy supplies are insufficient to meet the energy needs of the population. Thus, there are 870,000 Somalis who still require emergency food assistance and more than 206,000 children suffer from severe acute malnutrition.

 Ethnic pressure

The peculiarity of Somalia is that the majority of the population has the same ethnicity: the Somalis who represent more than 85% of the inhabitants. In Somalia, the pressures are therefore not ethnic, but here everything depends on the clans: Somalis are divided into countless clans and sub-clans.

economic and financial

We recall that Somalia is one of the poorest countries in the world and that insecurity in Somalia is one of the main obstacles to the country's economic development.

 GDP per capita: 600 Dollars

 GDP: $ 5.9 billion

 Growth rate: 2.6%

 Inflation rate: STRONG

 Public deficit: forecast end 2013: $ 30 million

 External debt: $ 2.4 billion

 Sales balance: 500 Million Dollars

Structurally, Somalia is an extremely fragile country because it depends on public aid (36% of budgetary aid for 2013): international aid constitutes the vast majority of aid received from Somalia, the main ones being constituted by humanitarian aid ($ 497.5 million in 2011).

In terms of the economic situation, the financial situation of Somalia is very tense: the inflation is high and even led to riots in 2008, the financial deficits are important and the external debt is growing. However, the Somali economy is growing steadily (+ 2.5% on average since 2007).

The Somali Central Bank, which lacks technical skills and computer equipment, does not have the capacity to implement a real monetary policy and therefore to fully fulfill its role as economic supervisor.

In contrast, FDI has been improving since 2008, with foreign firms returning to Somalia, particularly for infrastructure or for oil exploration.

These indicators reflect the standard of living of the population.

It should be noted that the Somali economy relies mainly on the private sector, and relies on livestock and agriculture.

 Technology and innovation

The low importance of high value-added industrial sectors (about 7%) explains the lack of technological development in the country.

Somalia, however, is a member of the African Regional Center for Technology (ARCT), which aims to help member states formulate science and technology policies and encourage the diffusion of technology.

Thus, at the beginning of 2013, Somalia has acquired 3G, but access to technologies in general remains limited: in 2010, there were 10 fixed telephone lines per 1000 inhabitants, 10 internet users out of 1000, and 0 subscribers to the broadband fixed internet ... One notices all the same an evolution on the rise of these figures.

The most prevalent technology in Somalia is mobile telephony, which is still in increasing demand in recent years, mainly due to the youth of the population. It is therefore a market with strong development potential

 Cultural recognition

Traditionally, Somalia is primarily recognized for its rich musical heritage, centered on traditional folklore. Somali music is easily recognizable by its own melodies and unique style. Apart from that, the cultural pillars of Somalia are finally few in number because of the endless civil war that dislocated the culture of the country. The 25 years of civil war have indeed devastated the cultural infrastructure and this has resulted in the loss of much of its heritage.

Since 2007, the country has undertaken the revitalization and cultural revitalization of the country, thanks to UNESCO, which brought together representatives from different regions of Somalia and the Diaspora to give their expertise in various areas of Somali culture: theater, poetry ...

 Media recognition

The Somali Constitution guarantees freedom of expression and opinion on paper, yet Radio Shabelle was one of the only independent media in Somalia; the media are indeed badly managed by the government, which prevents media development and recognition. For example, private radio was raided in October 2013 for illegal occupation of premises and journalists were arrested. In addition, the media have discovered the limits of press freedom since not all topics can be addressed: a journalist was arrested for publishing on the story of a woman who had been raped collectively.

General conclusion

In conclusion, this analysis shows that Somalia is a country with a multitude of risks, mainly due to the state instability that has persisted since its independence in 1960. The civil war, the inter-clan struggle, plunged countries in total chaos despite the efforts of foreign powers and different institutions to control the situation.

Today, the new political situation of the institution of the new federal government suggests prospects for improvement. Indeed, the government, under the leadership of President Mohamud, has implemented a six-pillar plan that revolves around security, the rule of law, economic recovery, reconciliation ...

There has been a real awareness of the critical situation, and the efforts seem to be paying off: Prime Minister Abdi Farah Shirdon reported on the progress made by the government, which highlights, among other things, the improvement of security situation, marked by the resumption of the major cities that were in the hands of Al Shabaab and the reduction of piracy off the coast of Somalia. Many reforms have been undertaken such as judicial reform, ..