تعبير تقرير
برجراف فقرة برزنتيشن بحث موضوع ملخص
جاهز باللغة الانجليزي كتابة انشاء عبارات حكم اقوال تعبير بالانجليزي عن. تقرير جاهز سهل بسيط
قطعة معلومات بسيطة مبسط نبذة عن الاقتصاد السكان تعبير عن بلادي اسم
كلمة معنى كيف تكتب مترجم رحلة
information about presentation معلومات عن مقال جمهورية دولة حول تكاليف المعيشه السياحة في للطلاب عرض ملخص مختصر حول الحياة والعادات والتقاليد
فى لمحة تعريفية بالانجلش تلخيص قصير تحدث تقرير انجليزي عن اي دوله معلومات القرن الافريقي
موضوع عن الصومال بالانجليزي محمد عبد الله محمد
مقديشو الصومال معلومات عن الصومال بالانجليزي اسباب المجاعة في الصومال برزنتيشن عن
مجاعة الصومال بالانجليزي
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Introduction
Somalia, whose full name is the Federal
Republic of Somalia, is a country in the eastern horn of Africa, bordering the
Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, in eastern Ethiopia. Small country with
complicated history, (in comparison: slightly smaller than Texas: 637,357 km²)
whose capital is Mogadishu and divided into 18 regions. The vast majority of
the population is of Sunni Muslim faith.
- Form of State: Somalia became an
independent state on 1 July 1960, resulting from the meeting of "British
Somaliland" and "Italian Somaliland". July 1st has become a
national holiday for Somalis. This is a Federal Republic, currently headed by
the President is currently: Hassan Sheikh Mohamoud (elected on 10 September
2012 in the 2nd round by the Transitional Federal Parliament meeting in
Mogadishu, getting 190 votes against incumbent President Sharif Sheikh Ahmed
who gets 79) and his prime minister Abdi Farah Shirdon Said.
- The languages used are Somali (official
language), Arabic which is the second language. English and Italian are also
spoken, which remain British and Italian colonial influences. Swahili languages
are also widespread. It is a group of Bantu languages from East Africa that are
the result of a mixture of African languages, Arabic and Persian. They have
common characteristics and especially a common vocabulary that allows its users
to be more or less understand the various speakers of this group of languages.
- Economic data: The currency of the
country is the Somali Shiling (SOS). The distribution of the Somali GNP reveals
a predominantly agricultural society (60.2% of the GNP), and very little
industrialized (only 7.4% of the GNP).
Somalia's HDI was not included in the
2012 United Nations Development Program (UNDP) human development report due to
data access restrictions that prevented estimates from being made.
- Demographics (2013): Somalia is home to
10,251,568 inhabitants and its population is steadily increasing (natural
increase of 2.85%), due to a high fertility rate (6.76 children per woman in
2013).
The population structure is mostly young,
with 44.4% of the population aged between 0 and 14, 53% of the population
between 15 and 64 years old and only 2.6% of the population over 65 years of
age. This is explained by a relatively low life expectancy at birth (51.19
years).
The literacy rate is 49.7% for men and
only 25.8% for women.
Ethnic composition: Somalia is almost entirely populated by Somalis
(about 6 million in Somalia, which represents 85% of the total population).
Originally nomadic, this people almost exclusively Muslim Orthodox rite
Chafite, has gradually settled down and today, many are farmers or traders. The
internal structuring of the Somali ethnic group is essentially based on a
division of tribes, themselves subdivided into clans and sub-clans. The main
tribes are the Darod, divided into Mijurtein, Ogadenu and Marehan, which are by
far the most numerous, occupying central and northwestern Somalia. There is
also the Issaq tribe in the North, then the Issa, more localized in the
vicinity of Djibouti, and the Diredawa as well as the Hawaiié of south-central
Somalia (Mogadishu). Although they have become sedentary, these tribes continue
to challenge each other, whereas traditionally these rivalries originated in
rivalries between nomads.
The Somali group coexists with the Somali
Bantu, who remain in southern Somalia (coastal regions and Juba and Shebele
rivers). In an uncertain number, these populations have preserved their
language, and are the remains of the natives, whom the Somalis repressed. There
are also the Boranas, the Issas people, the Mijikenda ...
socioeconomic
The 25-year war in Somalia and the ongoing
insecurity crisis have contributed to the severe deterioration of the country's
socio-economic conditions and have made it one of the poorest countries in the
world.
Human development indicators, while mere
estimates because of lack of information on the country, appear to be the worst
in all of Africa.
Thus, societal conditions or provision of
social services such as access to health, education, sanitation, water supply,
but especially nutrition have greatly deteriorated and the state does not
provide this function of protector, which is ultimately ensured by clans or
extended families. With a per capita GDP of US $ 600, Somalis in Somalia also
benefit greatly from the financial assistance provided by Somalis abroad who
send them money (diaspora).
First, with regard to health, it should
be noted that the average annual health expenditure per capita is about US $ 8,
and that in 2006 there were 0.035 physicians per 1000 inhabitants.
Thus, most of the care is provided by
private providers or international organizations, but the child and infant
mortality rates remain considerably high (108.4 and 178 per 1000 births).
In education, Somalia's education system
collapsed in 1991, leading to a reorganization of education, which is now
largely private, and the proliferation of Qur'anic schools based on Wahhabi
doctrine. . With an adult literacy rate of 24 per cent, Somalia is once again
at the bottom of the world rankings.
Finally, the combination of conflict with
natural disasters in Somalia has reduced livelihoods and made the country food
insecure. Although all populations are affected, it is the rural populations
who suffer most from the situation, as well as the nomadic pastoral
communities. The food crisis has been aggravated by past political chaos, and
food energy supplies are insufficient to meet the energy needs of the
population. Thus, there are 870,000 Somalis who still require emergency food
assistance and more than 206,000 children suffer from severe acute
malnutrition.
Ethnic pressure
The peculiarity of Somalia is that the
majority of the population has the same ethnicity: the Somalis who represent
more than 85% of the inhabitants. In Somalia, the pressures are therefore not
ethnic, but here everything depends on the clans: Somalis are divided into countless
clans and sub-clans.
economic and financial
We recall that Somalia is one of the
poorest countries in the world and that insecurity in Somalia is one of the
main obstacles to the country's economic development.
GDP per capita: 600 Dollars
GDP: $ 5.9 billion
Growth rate: 2.6%
Inflation rate: STRONG
Public deficit: forecast end 2013: $ 30
million
External debt: $ 2.4 billion
Sales balance: 500 Million Dollars
Structurally, Somalia is an extremely
fragile country because it depends on public aid (36% of budgetary aid for
2013): international aid constitutes the vast majority of aid received from
Somalia, the main ones being constituted by humanitarian aid ($ 497.5 million
in 2011).
In terms of the economic situation, the
financial situation of Somalia is very tense: the inflation is high and even
led to riots in 2008, the financial deficits are important and the external
debt is growing. However, the Somali economy is growing steadily (+ 2.5% on
average since 2007).
The Somali Central Bank, which lacks
technical skills and computer equipment, does not have the capacity to
implement a real monetary policy and therefore to fully fulfill its role as
economic supervisor.
In contrast, FDI has been improving since
2008, with foreign firms returning to Somalia, particularly for infrastructure
or for oil exploration.
These indicators reflect the standard of
living of the population.
It should be noted that the Somali economy
relies mainly on the private sector, and relies on livestock and agriculture.
Technology and innovation
The low importance of high value-added
industrial sectors (about 7%) explains the lack of technological development in
the country.
Somalia, however, is a member of the
African Regional Center for Technology (ARCT), which aims to help member states
formulate science and technology policies and encourage the diffusion of
technology.
Thus, at the beginning of 2013, Somalia
has acquired 3G, but access to technologies in general remains limited: in
2010, there were 10 fixed telephone lines per 1000 inhabitants, 10 internet
users out of 1000, and 0 subscribers to the broadband fixed internet ... One
notices all the same an evolution on the rise of these figures.
The most prevalent technology in Somalia
is mobile telephony, which is still in increasing demand in recent years,
mainly due to the youth of the population. It is therefore a market with strong
development potential
Cultural recognition
Traditionally, Somalia is primarily
recognized for its rich musical heritage, centered on traditional folklore.
Somali music is easily recognizable by its own melodies and unique style. Apart
from that, the cultural pillars of Somalia are finally few in number because of
the endless civil war that dislocated the culture of the country. The 25 years
of civil war have indeed devastated the cultural infrastructure and this has
resulted in the loss of much of its heritage.
Since 2007, the country has undertaken
the revitalization and cultural revitalization of the country, thanks to
UNESCO, which brought together representatives from different regions of
Somalia and the Diaspora to give their expertise in various areas of Somali
culture: theater, poetry ...
Media recognition
The Somali Constitution guarantees
freedom of expression and opinion on paper, yet Radio Shabelle was one of the
only independent media in Somalia; the media are indeed badly managed by the
government, which prevents media development and recognition. For example,
private radio was raided in October 2013 for illegal occupation of premises and
journalists were arrested. In addition, the media have discovered the limits of
press freedom since not all topics can be addressed: a journalist was arrested for
publishing on the story of a woman who had been raped collectively.
General conclusion
In conclusion, this analysis shows that
Somalia is a country with a multitude of risks, mainly due to the state
instability that has persisted since its independence in 1960. The civil war,
the inter-clan struggle, plunged countries in total chaos despite the efforts
of foreign powers and different institutions to control the situation.
Today, the new political situation of the
institution of the new federal government suggests prospects for improvement.
Indeed, the government, under the leadership of President Mohamud, has
implemented a six-pillar plan that revolves around security, the rule of law,
economic recovery, reconciliation ...
There has been a real awareness of the
critical situation, and the efforts seem to be paying off: Prime Minister Abdi
Farah Shirdon reported on the progress made by the government, which
highlights, among other things, the improvement of security situation, marked
by the resumption of the major cities that were in the hands of Al Shabaab and
the reduction of piracy off the coast of Somalia. Many reforms have been
undertaken such as judicial reform, ..
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