Positive Form Comparative form Superlative form
Have to / Don’t have to / Need (to) / Needn’t /
Don’t need to / Must / Mustn’t
• We use must and have to to express obligation in the
present or future.
I must buy Ted a present for his graduation.
You have to wear a helmet when you go go-karting.
• We use need to when it is necessary for us to do something.
(We have no other choice.)
I need to talk to you.
• We use don’t have to, don’t need to and needn’t
when it isn’t necessary for us to do something.
You don’t have to go out if you don’t want to.
You don’t need to give me back the money.
He needn’t buy me a present.
• We use mustn’t when we are not allowed to do something.
You mustn’t use your mobile phone inside the building.
Affirmative
I need to go
He/She/It needs to go
We/You/They need to go
Negative
I don’t need to go
He/She/It doesn’t need to go
We/You/They don’t need to go
I
He/She/It needn’t go
We/You/They
Questions
Do I
Does he/she/it need to go?
Do we/you/they
I
Need he/she/it go?
we/you/they
• We use the superlative of adjectives when we compare one
person, animal or thing with several of the same kind.
Indirect questions
We use indirect questions when we ask for information.
Indirect questions begin with phrases like:
Can/Could you tell me...?
Do you know...?
I’d like to know...
DIRECT QUESTION
Question word + Verb + Subject
Where is the post office?
INDIRECT QUESTION
Phrase + Question word + Subject + Verb
Can you tell me where the post office is?
Other Forms of Comparison
as + adjective + as
My car is as fast as yours. (= My car and your car are
equally fast.)
not as + adjective + as
He’s not as clever as you are. (=You are cleverer than he is.)
Module 4
Future will
Affirmative
I
He/She/It will work
We/You/They
Negative
I
He/She/It will not / won’t work
We/You/They
All one-syllable and most twosyllable
adjectives take -er / -est.
One-syllable adjectives ending in
-e take -r / -st.
One-syllable adjectives ending
in one vowel + one consonant,
double the consonant before the
-er / -est.
Adjectives ending in
consonant + -y drop the y and
take -ier /-iest.
Adjectives with three or more
syllables and some two-syllable
adjectives take more + adjective /
most + adjective.
short - shorter - shortest
safe - safer - safest
big - bigger - biggest
easy - easier - easiest
dangerous -
more dangerous -
most dangerous
good
bad
far
many / much
little
better
worse
farther
further
more
less
the best
the worst
the farthest
the furthest
the most
the least
Irregular forms
FORMATION
Comparative: adjective + -er
more + adjective
John is older than Peter.
My watch is more expensive than yours.
Superlative: the + adjective + -est
most + adjective
John is the oldest boy in his class.
This watch is the most expensive of all.
} + than
} + of / in
• We use the comparative of adjectives when we compare two
people, animals or things.
Comparative and Superlative Forms
The past tense of have to and must is had to.
Need is used:
• as a main verb in all tenses, in the affirmative,
negative and question form. It is followed by to +
base form and forms the negative and question
form with auxiliary verbs.
• as a modal verb only in the negative and question
form of the Present Simple. It is followed by a base
form and forms the negative and question form
without auxiliary verbs.
NOTE
130
Relative pronouns (who, which, that) and
adverbs (where)
The relative pronouns who, which, that and the
adverb where introduce relative clauses.
• Who, which and that can be omitted when they
refer to the object.
• Where can never be omitted or replaced with
that.
NOTE
Module 5
Infinitives
We use the full infinitive (to + base form of the verb):
• to express purpose.
I’m going to the supermarket to get some fruit.
• after certain verbs: want, would like, would love, hope,
decide, manage, plan, arrange, advise, choose, learn, offer,
promise, afford, agree, expect, seem, forget, teach, need, try,
tell, etc.
I haven’t managed to find it yet.
• after it + be + adjective (it’s nice, it was stupid, etc.)
It’s difficult to explain.
• after certain adjectives: afraid, surprised, free, happy, ready,
sorry, pleased, etc.
Are you afraid to ask him?
• after too and enough
You’re too young to stay out late.
I’m strong enough to carry the box.
• after question words (who, how, what, etc.) in
indirect questions
Do you know how to get there?
We use the bare infinitive (base form of verb without to):
• after modal verbs (can, could, will, would, shall, should,
may, might, must).
Could you give me a glass of water?
You must visit the doctor today.
• after the verbs let and make (in the active voice).
She makes me study all the time.
• Time clauses begin with when, after, before, as soon as,
until, etc.
• When the sentence refers to the future, we usually use
the Present Simple in the time clause and the Future will
in the main clause.
Time Clauses (Present - Future)
We use the Future will for:
• offers.
I’ll help you with everything.
• promises.
I promise, I’ll be there for you.
• requests.
Will you do me a favour?
• on-the-spot decisions.
Fine, I’ll meet you in an hour.
• predictions, usually with the verbs think and believe.
I think he will be a great teacher one day.
will have to, will be able to
• Will have to expresses obligation in the future.
We’ll have to train hard to take part in the race.
• Will be able to expresses ability in the future.
When I go to Spain, I’ll be able to practise my Spanish.
Short answers
I I
Yes, he/she/it will. No, he/she/it won’t.
we/you/they we/you/they
Time clause Main clause
As soon as I know, I’ll tell you.
Before I leave, I’ll help you with the housework.
Pronouns Examples
PEOPLE who/that The man who/that is driving
that car is my uncle.
The teacher (who/that) I like
the most is Mrs Robins.
THINGS
ANIMALS
IDEAS
which/that The bag which/that is on the
table is mine.
The documentary (which/
that) I watched last night was
terrible.
Adverb
PLACE where The place where I live is
beautiful.
too / enough
• We use too before adjectives and adverbs. Too has a
negative meaning and it means ‘more than necessary’.
These shoes are too big. I need a smaller size.
• We use enough after adjectives and adverbs, but before
nouns. Enough has a positive meaning.
The water isn’t warm enough. We can’t go swimming.
We have enough food for tonight.
TIME EXPRESSIONS
tomorrow, tonight, soon, next week/month,
in an hour/week, etc.
When the time clause comes before the main
clause, the two clauses are separated by a comma.
NOTE
We can use the verb help with a bare or full
infinitive.
I always help my brother do his homework.
I always help my brother to do his homework.
NOTE
Questions
I
Will he/she/it work?
we/you/they
131
We use the -ing form:
• after certain verbs: like, love, hate, enjoy, prefer, suggest,
start, finish, continue, keep, stop, begin, avoid, imagine,
spend (time), etc.
I like listening to the radio, but I hate watching TV.
• after certain expressions: don’t mind, can’t stand, be
interested in, it’s worth, How/What about…?, I look
forward to, etc.
I look forward to seeing you.
• after prepositions.
I’m so excited about going on this trip.
• as a subject of a verb.
Smoking is a bad habit.
-ing form
We use should/shouldn’t + bare infinitive to:
• ask for and give advice.
Should I stay or should I go?
• express an opinion.
He should tell his father about it.
• make a suggestion.
Shouldn't we discuss it with the boss first?
• express mild obligation.
You should go to work on time.
Should / Shouldn’t
Should/shouldn’t + bare infinitive refers to the
present or future.
NOTE
Use
We use the Passive Voice to emphasise the action rather
than who or what is responsible for it.
Formation
The Passive Voice is formed with the verb be in the
appropriate form and the past participle of the main verb.
Passive Voice
Have to / Don’t have to / Need (to) / Needn’t /
Don’t need to / Must / Mustn’t
• We use must and have to to express obligation in the
present or future.
I must buy Ted a present for his graduation.
You have to wear a helmet when you go go-karting.
• We use need to when it is necessary for us to do something.
(We have no other choice.)
I need to talk to you.
• We use don’t have to, don’t need to and needn’t
when it isn’t necessary for us to do something.
You don’t have to go out if you don’t want to.
You don’t need to give me back the money.
He needn’t buy me a present.
• We use mustn’t when we are not allowed to do something.
You mustn’t use your mobile phone inside the building.
Affirmative
I need to go
He/She/It needs to go
We/You/They need to go
Negative
I don’t need to go
He/She/It doesn’t need to go
We/You/They don’t need to go
I
He/She/It needn’t go
We/You/They
Questions
Do I
Does he/she/it need to go?
Do we/you/they
I
Need he/she/it go?
we/you/they
• We use the superlative of adjectives when we compare one
person, animal or thing with several of the same kind.
Indirect questions
We use indirect questions when we ask for information.
Indirect questions begin with phrases like:
Can/Could you tell me...?
Do you know...?
I’d like to know...
DIRECT QUESTION
Question word + Verb + Subject
Where is the post office?
INDIRECT QUESTION
Phrase + Question word + Subject + Verb
Can you tell me where the post office is?
Other Forms of Comparison
as + adjective + as
My car is as fast as yours. (= My car and your car are
equally fast.)
not as + adjective + as
He’s not as clever as you are. (=You are cleverer than he is.)
Module 4
Future will
Affirmative
I
He/She/It will work
We/You/They
Negative
I
He/She/It will not / won’t work
We/You/They
All one-syllable and most twosyllable
adjectives take -er / -est.
One-syllable adjectives ending in
-e take -r / -st.
One-syllable adjectives ending
in one vowel + one consonant,
double the consonant before the
-er / -est.
Adjectives ending in
consonant + -y drop the y and
take -ier /-iest.
Adjectives with three or more
syllables and some two-syllable
adjectives take more + adjective /
most + adjective.
short - shorter - shortest
safe - safer - safest
big - bigger - biggest
easy - easier - easiest
dangerous -
more dangerous -
most dangerous
good
bad
far
many / much
little
better
worse
farther
further
more
less
the best
the worst
the farthest
the furthest
the most
the least
Irregular forms
FORMATION
Comparative: adjective + -er
more + adjective
John is older than Peter.
My watch is more expensive than yours.
Superlative: the + adjective + -est
most + adjective
John is the oldest boy in his class.
This watch is the most expensive of all.
} + than
} + of / in
• We use the comparative of adjectives when we compare two
people, animals or things.
Comparative and Superlative Forms
The past tense of have to and must is had to.
Need is used:
• as a main verb in all tenses, in the affirmative,
negative and question form. It is followed by to +
base form and forms the negative and question
form with auxiliary verbs.
• as a modal verb only in the negative and question
form of the Present Simple. It is followed by a base
form and forms the negative and question form
without auxiliary verbs.
NOTE
130
Relative pronouns (who, which, that) and
adverbs (where)
The relative pronouns who, which, that and the
adverb where introduce relative clauses.
• Who, which and that can be omitted when they
refer to the object.
• Where can never be omitted or replaced with
that.
NOTE
Module 5
Infinitives
We use the full infinitive (to + base form of the verb):
• to express purpose.
I’m going to the supermarket to get some fruit.
• after certain verbs: want, would like, would love, hope,
decide, manage, plan, arrange, advise, choose, learn, offer,
promise, afford, agree, expect, seem, forget, teach, need, try,
tell, etc.
I haven’t managed to find it yet.
• after it + be + adjective (it’s nice, it was stupid, etc.)
It’s difficult to explain.
• after certain adjectives: afraid, surprised, free, happy, ready,
sorry, pleased, etc.
Are you afraid to ask him?
• after too and enough
You’re too young to stay out late.
I’m strong enough to carry the box.
• after question words (who, how, what, etc.) in
indirect questions
Do you know how to get there?
We use the bare infinitive (base form of verb without to):
• after modal verbs (can, could, will, would, shall, should,
may, might, must).
Could you give me a glass of water?
You must visit the doctor today.
• after the verbs let and make (in the active voice).
She makes me study all the time.
• Time clauses begin with when, after, before, as soon as,
until, etc.
• When the sentence refers to the future, we usually use
the Present Simple in the time clause and the Future will
in the main clause.
Time Clauses (Present - Future)
We use the Future will for:
• offers.
I’ll help you with everything.
• promises.
I promise, I’ll be there for you.
• requests.
Will you do me a favour?
• on-the-spot decisions.
Fine, I’ll meet you in an hour.
• predictions, usually with the verbs think and believe.
I think he will be a great teacher one day.
will have to, will be able to
• Will have to expresses obligation in the future.
We’ll have to train hard to take part in the race.
• Will be able to expresses ability in the future.
When I go to Spain, I’ll be able to practise my Spanish.
Short answers
I I
Yes, he/she/it will. No, he/she/it won’t.
we/you/they we/you/they
Time clause Main clause
As soon as I know, I’ll tell you.
Before I leave, I’ll help you with the housework.
Pronouns Examples
PEOPLE who/that The man who/that is driving
that car is my uncle.
The teacher (who/that) I like
the most is Mrs Robins.
THINGS
ANIMALS
IDEAS
which/that The bag which/that is on the
table is mine.
The documentary (which/
that) I watched last night was
terrible.
Adverb
PLACE where The place where I live is
beautiful.
too / enough
• We use too before adjectives and adverbs. Too has a
negative meaning and it means ‘more than necessary’.
These shoes are too big. I need a smaller size.
• We use enough after adjectives and adverbs, but before
nouns. Enough has a positive meaning.
The water isn’t warm enough. We can’t go swimming.
We have enough food for tonight.
TIME EXPRESSIONS
tomorrow, tonight, soon, next week/month,
in an hour/week, etc.
When the time clause comes before the main
clause, the two clauses are separated by a comma.
NOTE
We can use the verb help with a bare or full
infinitive.
I always help my brother do his homework.
I always help my brother to do his homework.
NOTE
Questions
I
Will he/she/it work?
we/you/they
131
We use the -ing form:
• after certain verbs: like, love, hate, enjoy, prefer, suggest,
start, finish, continue, keep, stop, begin, avoid, imagine,
spend (time), etc.
I like listening to the radio, but I hate watching TV.
• after certain expressions: don’t mind, can’t stand, be
interested in, it’s worth, How/What about…?, I look
forward to, etc.
I look forward to seeing you.
• after prepositions.
I’m so excited about going on this trip.
• as a subject of a verb.
Smoking is a bad habit.
-ing form
We use should/shouldn’t + bare infinitive to:
• ask for and give advice.
Should I stay or should I go?
• express an opinion.
He should tell his father about it.
• make a suggestion.
Shouldn't we discuss it with the boss first?
• express mild obligation.
You should go to work on time.
Should / Shouldn’t
Should/shouldn’t + bare infinitive refers to the
present or future.
NOTE
Use
We use the Passive Voice to emphasise the action rather
than who or what is responsible for it.
Formation
The Passive Voice is formed with the verb be in the
appropriate form and the past participle of the main verb.
Passive Voice
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