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الدَنْمَارِك أو الدَانِمَارِك أو الدَانِمَرْك بالدنماركية:  Danmark لغة دنماركية

Introduction

Denmark, or Kingdom of Denmark, is a country located in Northern Europe with Copenhagen as the capital and Dane as the official language. The Kingdom of Denmark also includes the Faroe Islands and Greenland which have the status of Overseas Territory. Its area is 43,098 km² and includes 5.6 million inhabitants.

The flag

 The Danish flag "Dannebrog" (meaning the Danish flag or red flag) represents a white cross on a red background and was first named in 1478 and formalized by decree in 1630. A Danish legend wants this flag to have fallen from the sky during a battle in Estonia. In 1219 King Valdemar II saw in the sky a cross appear, image interpreted as a sign of Christ demanding to massacre the Estonians. The red would represent either the blood shed during the massacre of the next day, or the dark color of the sky when the cross appeared. It can also be noted that this Scandinavian cross is present on the flags of Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden.

Currency

Denmark has not integrated the euro (refusal after popular consultation) and has kept its single currency: the Danish crown (DKK danske kroner) official since 1873. To date 1 euro is about equal to 7.5 DDK. A crown contains 100 øre.

The form of the state

It is a constitutional monarchy with a Queen (Margrethe II since 1972), as well as a Minister of State (Helle Thorning-Schmidt since 2011, first woman to perform this function). The current government is a coalition of three parties: the Social Democrats (party of the head of government Helle Thorning-Schmidt), the socio-liberals, and popular socialists. This form of state thus recognizes a hereditary queen as head of state, but limited in her actions by a constitution (contrary to an absolute monarchy). As for the Prime Minister, he is the head of the cabinet that holds the executive power. The prime minister is elected by a majority in parliament. The absolute majority, however, is very rare and most Danish prime ministers have had to lead coalitions, such as Helle Thorning-Schmidt who represents a coalition. The executive power belongs to this government, the prime minister acts in the Queen's name, even though the ultimate executive power lies with the Queen. The legislative power belongs to the Folketing, that is to say to the parliament, which includes 179 members elected by direct universal suffrage for four years by the citizens of 18 years or more. This system is characterized by a strong parliament, elected by the people (the rate of absenteeism in the vote is very low about 10%), and based on the multiparty system. The judiciary is also separated. There is therefore a separation of powers advocated by Montesquieu.

Demography and Human Development Index

The Danish population is 5.591 million in 2013 with a majority urban population (87% of inhabitants). The fertility rate is 1.8 children per woman, and the life expectancy of 81 years for women and 77 years for men. The infant mortality rate is also very low (3%). We are therefore in a post-transition period. The HDI, based on three major criteria (life expectancy, education level, standard of living), is among the highest in the world in 15th position out of 186 according to the UNDP. Indeed, the HDI of Denmark is 0.901. The quality of life is therefore among the best.

Composition of the Danish population in 2011: Danish 4,996,980; Immigrants and their descendants 567 932. The following section will analyze in more detail the ethnic composition of Denmark.

Languages ​​and ethnic groups

90% of the population is of Lutheran religion (the others are mainly Catholics and Muslims), the queen must also be Lutheran. The general and official language is Danish (26 letters of the Latin alphabet plus 3 additional), and the majority ethnic group are Danish. There is a homogeneity in the language used, spoken by 92% of the inhabitants as mother tongue, Danish is spoken absolutely everywhere in Denmark.

However, the Danish population also includes people of Inuit and Faroese descent (Greenland and Faroe Islands). On these islands belonging to the Kingdom of Denmark, we speak mainly Faroese and Greenlandic. About 10,000 people would also speak Greenlandic on the mainland of Denmark. The country also has an official minority: the German minority of 27,000 inhabitants present in the south of the country (because of its border with Germany). This minority speaks German and is mainly present in the Schleswig region, representing about 9% of the population in this region. Nevertheless, this minority is of Danish nationality, speaks Danish fluently while keeping their German culture. In the same way, a Danish minority is present in the southern Schleswig region of Germany. Other foreign immigrants (from Asia, Turkey, Iraq, Lebanon, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Pakistan, the former Yugoslavia ...) represent 8.9% of the population according to the statistics of 2007 (a rising figure), which also influences the use of languages.

Socio-economic conditions

The Danish state is a welfare state that is to say that it is very present in the economic and social fields, it supports different social risks in order to tend towards a social justice.

In order to apprehend the level of quality of life, various criteria were extracted from the site "echos". I compared these measures to that of France to compare with our quality of life, already exceptional.

With these indicators we can see that Denmark has a very high HDI (even higher than that of France). Education expenses are also greater than ours. Almost all Danes also have the latest technologies namely a mobile phone and internet. We can also add that Denmark in 2013 has an unemployment rate of only 6.7% while that of France is 11.1%. This rate is among the lowest in Europe and is well below the average unemployment rate of the European Union (10.9% in September 2013 according to eurostat). Purchasing power is also among the highest, ranking seventh with € 21.61 according to the 2013 Gfk study. GDP per capita (in purchasing power parity) is also very important, above that of the French

According to a report of the European Commission dating from July 2012:

"In Denmark, the social security benefits are as follows:

 benefits in the event of sickness, hospitalization, maternity, daily sickness and maternity benefits and rehabilitation assistance;

 benefits for accidents at work and occupational diseases;

 allowances for funeral expenses;

 invalidity pensions;

 general old-age pensions and supplementary pensions;

 unemployment benefits;

 family benefits.

As most branches of Danish social security are compulsory, you do not

must carry out any formality to be insured, except in the case of insurance

unemployment (voluntary insurance administered by unemployment insurance funds). "

All individuals residing in Denmark are covered by health insurance (under the Ministry of Health Ministeriet for Sundhed og Forebyggelse) funded by local and regional municipalities. Local municipalities also manage retirement pensions for people aged 65 and under (in case of disability). Family allowances are managed by the Ministry of Taxes and the Ministry of Social Affairs and Integration (local authorities).

Social security expenditure is financed by taxes (also including taxes on labor).

economic and financial

In order to propose a complete assessment of the economic and financial risk, various criteria from three reliable sources (the international trade monitor, the Echos data, the Coface) were selected.

Like many countries, Denmark was strongly affected by the crisis of 2009 (-5.7% of GDP growth), in 2013 the country is recovering with a positive growth of 0.1% to 0.9% according to different estimates. GDP per capita also increased from 56.4 USD to almost 58 USD in 2013. As seen in the previous section this level is considerable and is among the highest.

Denmark is a country very open to international trade, foreign trade accounts for 104.6% of GDP in 2013. The financial health of the country therefore depends a lot on this international trade. However, the trade balance remains positive, which means that the country exports more goods than it imports. Imports of goods and services accounted for 50.1% of GDP in 2012, while exports accounted for 54.5%. On the other hand, the import of goods and services is increasing (2.5% annual growth against only 0.9% growth for exports). The current account balance, which includes the trade balance and the balance of services, remains positive in 2013 (EUR 15 billion or 5.7% of GDP), even though this balance has decreased by EUR 2 billion compared to 2012. Denmark therefore produces more than it spends, it has no need for funding, which is essential.

However, there is a budget deficit in 2013 (-1.7% of GDP) but nevertheless less important than in 2012 when it exploded. State expenditure is therefore always greater than revenue, which results in large debts. The domestic public debt is considerable but moderate, it was also contained and represented 42% of GDP in 2013 against 45% in 2012.

We can see that the exchange rate has remained stable in recent years (1 euro is still between 7.45 and 7.47 DKK) which is a risk less in trade with Denmark.

Inflation also slowed in 2013, +1.7 or +0.8 according to sources in 2013 against 2.5 the previous year.

The year 2012 was therefore rather tough for Denmark: a high rate of inflation, a negative growth, a very large fiscal deficit, marked by dependence on foreign trade. However, we can see a clear improvement in 2013 with a positive recovery in growth, lower public debts and inflation, and a positive foreign trade. One can also imagine that the strong public spending will support the internal trade. Denmark's economic situation is therefore rather good. It is a rich country with a low unemployment rate and a per capita GDP among the highest. Exchange rate stability is also a positive factor when trading with Denmark.

To this analysis, we can add two data from Coface that shows that in Denmark, payment incidents are rare, as are bankruptcies. Trading with Denmark is therefore not a major risk.