موضوع عن مصر بالانجليزي

تعبير تقرير برجراف فقرة برزنتيشن بحث موضوع ملخص جاهز باللغة الانجليزي  كتابة انشاء عبارات حكم اقوال تعبير بالانجليزي عن. تقرير جاهز سهل بسيط قطعة معلومات بسيطة مبسط نبذة عن الاقتصاد السكان جمل عن بلادي اسم كلمة معنى كيف تكتب مترجم رحلة

information about   paragraph  presentation  عن مقال جمهورية دولة حول  تكاليف المعيشه السياحة في  للطلاب عرض ملخص مختصر حول الحياة والعادات والتقاليد فى  لمحة تعريفية بالانجلش تلخيص قصير كلمة تحدث  تقرير انجليزي عن اي دوله مقدمة خاتمة  

معلومات عن مصر بالانجليزي الاهرامات  القاهرة نهر النيل بالانجليزى

The Arab Republic of Egypt is located mainly in North Africa on the southern coast of the Eastern Mediterranean. We also find the Sinai Peninsula in Asia. Its capital is the city of Cairo. The country is divided into four regions: Lower Egypt, Middle Egypt, Upper Egypt and Nubia. More particularly, in the south, the Nile runs up against a mountainous barrier in contrast to the North where the landscape is flat and desert. In addition, north of Cairo, we find a vast delta 200 km wide, where is to the east of it, the desert of Arabia.

Egypt is the third most populous country in Africa with 85 million inhabitants. Its population has increased fourfold in sixty years. In addition, 90% of its population lives in a fertile strip of land along the Nile. In addition, its HDI is 0.662 in 2012 and represents an evolution of 0.001 compared to 2011. It ranks at 112 on the global HDI rankings. Then, his official currency is the Egyptian book.

His official language is Arabic and the spoken language is Egyptian. We also find the Siwi-Tamazight (Berber) spoken in the West of the country and the Nubian spoken by the inhabitants of Upper Egypt, in the region of Aswan, a region commonly known as Nubia.

In addition, 90% of Egyptians are Muslims and especially Sunnis. However, we also find Christians who represent about 9% of the population, the majority of whom belong to the Orthodox Coptic Church.

During the Arab Spring and following protests by the people, President Hosni Mubarak was removed from office. The new President of the Egyptian Republic is Adli Mansour, appointed by General Al-Sisi on July 3, 2013. Adli Mansour is the President of the High Constitutional Court. Then, the executive power is held by the President of the Republic and the legislative power belongs to the People's Assembly. Finally, there is a consultative assembly, the Shura, which is consulted by the President of the Republic and the People's Assembly on political decisions.

In order to better understand the current situation of Egypt, we will first see the risk assessment, then we will evaluate the country's hard power and finally the soft power of Egypt.

Current policy:

Following clashes in Tunisia on January 25, 2011, the Egyptians begin the uprisings on the Tarir Square in Cairo, this place became the emblematic place of the revolution. This revolution translates into sustained interference from current politics, critical economic conditions and declining social conditions. Indeed, the fundamental freedoms are limited, the censorship is accentuated, all the economic indicators are negative and especially the police adhere to practices of unacceptable tortures. To claim these practices, Egyptians rise up to adopt a democracy and achieve a satisfactory economic, social and political situation.

These revolts result in the resignation of the dictator Hosni Mubarak, who will be replaced later by Mohammed Morsi (a Muslim brothers), who will be stripped of his functions by a military coup.

Currently, General Al-Sisi has appointed Adli Mansour as Acting President of the Republic. We can see that after these clashes, the military are still in power but are supported by anti-Morsi (represent the majority of the population).

In addition, the socio-economic conditions are deplorable. We estimate at 41% the number of Egyptian under the poverty line ($ 2 per day). We note that this poverty extends mainly in the South of the country. Most families affected by this precariousness have common characteristics: large families, low levels of education and work in informal sectors.

The Sinai Peninsula represents an area of high instability. Indeed, many clashes take place between the inhabitants of Sinai and the police. Trafficking of all kinds takes place in this area which causes conflict and deadly attacks.

Then, tensions are felt between the Egyptian pro-morsi (rallied to light brothers) and anti-Morsi (rallied to the army). Violent clashes take place between the army and the pro-Morsi which has amplified the internal tensions.

Finally, we are witnessing Islamist gatherings that are pushing the army to confront these groups.

Egypt had good relations with the United States thanks to their promise of peace with Israel. But recent events have pushed the United States to reconsider its position with Egypt. It has decided to cut off military aid from Egypt and wants to review the relationship with the country.

Europe is also concerned about the current state of Egypt and the killings in Cairo call for a strong reaction from the European Union which decides to hold a crisis meeting. The European Union can not tolerate massacres and is beginning to think about the suspension of their aid.

In spite of new investors, Egypt loses little by little necessary allies like the United States.

Finally tensions are felt for the sharing of water from the Nile. Agreements have been signed with different countries (Ethiopia, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda) to manage irrigation projects.

economic and financial

The current political and social situation has an undeniable impact on the country's economy. Indeed, production has fallen, FDI has declined, tourism has slowed down, which directly impacts the country's revenues. Thus, as the table below shows, the indicators have all fallen:

We can conclude that all indicators are down. The economic situation of the country is critical. The budget deficit is growing because the government is increasing spending to offset the effects of political unrest. In addition, shortages and soaring international food and fuel prices are adding to the pressure on domestic prices, giving us an inflation rate in 2013 of 9.5. All the indicators therefore show us an economic and financial crisis.

The Arab Spring of 2011 came to disrupt the situation and deeply affected the main resources on which the Egyptian economy was based, thus putting it in serious difficulty.

In fact, tourism, the country's main foreign exchange resource, which accounted for 10% of GDP before the Arab Spring and employs 12% of the population, has suffered the full impact of the uprisings of the people as the number of tourists has increased from 14.7 million in 2010 to 9.5 million in 2011, which represents a huge shortfall for the Egyptian economy. This year again, the western chancelleries advised against departures to Egypt then the tour operators made the decision to suspend departures until the end of August. The image of Egypt has suffered from the violent repressions that took place in Egypt in recent years, consequently its tourist appeal also to the eyes of the world, which considerably weakens the country.

Another pillar of the troubled economy (third source of the country's currency after tourism and expatriate remittances), the Suez Canal, the fastest sea route between Asia and Europe, and Africa North and Asia, which traffic petroleum products as well as containers, sees its revenues (about 5 billion per year) decrease because of the strong piracy in the Gulf of Aden and the economic crisis affecting the region. eurozone. In fact, goods traffic (more than 8% of world trade), crude oil (only 5% of world trade) and liquefied natural gas (14% of world trade) have been declining since 2008, and the economic crisis which has has touched the whole world.

Among Egypt's main sources of income, only expatriate remittances, estimated at 19 billion in 2012, have not declined dramatically, remaining at least the same level as before 2011. This is explained in particular, the importance that Egypt attaches to its expatriates by allowing them to vote in the last elections to express the importance that their country of origin gives them.

Despite the contribution of expatriates, the Egyptian economy is nevertheless in great difficulty, reflected the words of one Western banker working in Egypt who wrote of "one country on a drip which would collapse in a few days without current support from the Gulf countries ". Indeed the country avoided bankruptcy thanks to the assistance provided mainly by Saudi Arabia (as well as Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates), which is expected to reach 12 billion to compensate the possible suspension of US aid ( military support of 1.3 billion dollars) and European. Indeed, the latter are exerting financial pressure on the Egyptian military government to protest the use of violence against Protestants. In particular, the European Union, which is currently threatening to suspend its € 5 billion aid planned for 2012-2014. For the moment, only the supply of weapons and security equipment has been suspended, although it seems unlikely that the EU will implement its threats because of Egypt's geostrategic interest in terms of balance in the region and especially because of the 4.5 million barrels transit each day by the Suez Canal.

The collapse of these main sources of income and foreign exchange for the Egyptian economy have had the effect of strongly impacting the country's economic indicators. Indeed, today, all the lights are red, the military government is completely helpless in the situation, then, the Egyptian economy could have been a lever for the country's recovery completely collapsed, revealing in turn the impotence of economic power in Egypt.

First indicator in free fall, foreign exchange reserves. They have literally melted after the Arab Spring, we note a drop of 65% since the end of 2010. At the end of January 2013 they reached $ 13.6 billion against $ 15 billion in December 2012, a sign of the rapid decline. This amount is also described as "critical minimum" by the Egyptian Central Bank, since they represent only 3 months of imports. In particular, remember that Egypt is the largest importer of cereals in the world and that its people had already suffered the full wheat shortage a few months ago (6 months without orders).

The second leading indicator, the drop in FDI, which went from $ 13.2 billion in 2008 to $ 2.1 billion in 2012, is a sign of Egypt's lack of attractiveness and lack of prospects for investors. Excluding FDI allows a country to grow and grow its businesses. The growing number of companies shut down in Egypt (about 40,000, which is considerable) is the consequence of this phenomenon which also affects large multinationals such as Shell, Electrolux or General Motor.

Another indicator down, economic growth. GDP grew by only 1.8% between 2011 and 2012 while it was more than 5% over the previous year, which is largely insufficient to maintain the economic balance of Egypt and its development.

Unemployment and inflation also reach their peaks (18% and 13% respectively), thus paralyzing the country and preventing the people to work and eat properly, factors that led to revolt to demand what should their to be due naturally. Public finances are also heavily indebted, evidence of both mismanagement of the political apparatus and unprecedented economic and social crisis in Egypt.

The good control of the economy must prove to be an asset, a power for any country, an engine of development, as well as a synonym for social peace (when the wealth is equitably distributed). Egypt's economic situation highlights the powerlessness of the government, the army, and the people to recover from the Arab Spring, as well as its lack of solution (powerlessness) to the situation.

geographical and environmental

As the map shows, Egypt is a medium-risk (yellow) seismic zone.

Of the 26 governorates that make up Egyptian territory, eight were unevenly affected by the earthquake, with Cairo, Giza and Fayoum being the hardest hit.

Egypt has repeatedly been the victim of violent destructive earthquakes related to tectonic movements. We can quote the earthquake that took place in Cairo in 1992, estimated at 5.9 on the Richter scale.

Given the geography of the country, 90% of Egyptians live along the Nile and therefore leave most of the country desert. Economic activities therefore concentrate on part of the territory and accentuate pollution leading to environmental problems. In addition, the inadequate disposal of wastewater, uncontrolled industrial effluents, the unequal distribution of the population, the lack of Arab lands lead to major problems of water pollution. As a result, ecological problems related to the Suez Canal affect animal and plant species found in an unsuitable ecosystem because too polluted.

Conclusion

Despite strong repressions, the situation in Egypt is not improving. The country's economy is declining, the political situation is unstable and the people continue to rise. Indeed, we have seen through some indicators that the country's economy is very worrying. The number of inhabitants below the poverty line is increasing, foreign exchange reserves are decreasing and the purchase or production of raw materials is not enough to feed the entire population. These factors force the military to set up a "state of emergency", which has a significant impact on the living conditions of the Egyptian inhabitants.

The army has returned to power but nothing is really in place to get the country out of its tragic situation. Despite a strong rallying of the people towards the military, the demonstrations persist and the citizens do not get, for the moment, not what he wants: a democracy.

In addition, religious groups are being excluded from political life, leading to violent clashes between the military and the pro-Morsi. Religious groups show their anger, but the majority of the population also wants to remove religion from politics, allowing the army to have hardened support from the people. Egypt is therefore plunged into a major cultural and religious conflict.

Finally, the media has a leading role in the Arab Spring. Youth allows people to counter censorship via social networks.