معلومات عن اندونيسيا بالانجليزي

تعبير تقريربرجراف فقرة برزنتيشن بحث موضوع ملخص جاهز باللغة الانجليزي  كتابة انشاء عبارات حكم اقوال تعبير بالانجليزي عن. تقرير جاهز سهل بسيط قطعة معلومات بسيطة مبسط نبذة عن الاقتصاد السكان جمل عن بلادي اسم كلمة معنى كيف تكتب مترجم رحلة

information about   paragraph  presentation  عن مقال جمهورية دولة حول  تكاليف المعيشه السياحة في  للطلاب عرض ملخص مختصر حول الحياة والعادات والتقاليد فى  لمحة تعريفية بالانجلش تلخيص قصير كلمة تحدث  تقرير انجليزي عن اي دوله مقدمة خاتمة 

عدد سكان  مدن  الوجهات العرب المسافرون نقاط الاهتمام مساحة معلومات عن اندونيسيا بالانجليزي جوكو ويدودو جاكرتا إندونيسيا ديانة رئيس اندونيسيا الحالي

indonesia population

indonesia jakarta

indonesia weather

INTRODUCTION

Area 1,919,440 km² (over 15,000 islands)

Population More than 250 million in 2013

Active population 112 million in 2008

Population density (hab / km²) 130.8 (2013)

Official Designation Republic of Indonesia

Capital Jakarta (20million inhabitants)

Dominant Religion Islam over 87%

Official language (since 2001) Indonesian

Indonesian Rupiah Currency (IDR)

GDP US $ 894.854 billion (estimate 2012)

GDP per capita US $ 5100 (estimate 2012)

The flag of Indonesia consists of two horizontal stripes red and white of the same size. The red and white is an old Javanese flag, and recalls the rebellion in 1292 of Prince Jayakatwang Kediri against his overlord, King Kertanegara Singasari, the end of this kingdom and the foundation of that of Majapahit. This flag was chosen by the Indonesian nationalists in 1949, when Indonesia was recognized as an independent state by the Netherlands.

Indonesia is a transcontinental country of Southeast Asia and Oceania, and it is the largest archipelago in the world with more than 15,000 islands. Its population is estimated at more than 250 million people in 2013, making Indonesia the 4th most populous country in the world, and the largest Muslim country by population. It is a young democracy located on strategic straits for world trade, Indonesia is therefore an important partner for France in Asia. It is a parliamentary republic whose capital is Jakarta.

The Strait of Malacca becomes a major maritime crossroads with the decline of the (land) silk route in the 15th century, in favor of the (maritime) spice route for trade between Indonesia and China on the one hand and India and the Middle East on the other hand. The Indonesian archipelago is part of an international trading network soon dominated by Muslim merchants. The princes of the ports are gradually converted to Islam. The Dutch expelled the Portuguese from Malacca in 1605, and eliminated their rival in the east of the archipelago, to settle in Java. The island is devastated by the wars of succession of the kingdom of Mataram, which gradually gives up part of its territories to the Dutch. In the 19th century, colonizers can begin the economic exploitation of the island and impose their law on the rest of the archipelago. A national movement was born at the beginning of the 20th century, and in 1945 Soekarno and Mohammad Hatta proclaimed Indonesia's independence. The 1950s are marked by many separatist movements. After a coup attempt by the Indonesian Communist Party in 1965, General Soeharto seized power from Indonesian founder Soekarno. Its authoritarian regime is marked by a remarkable economic development but its resignation in 1998, following the Asian financial crisis, allows the beginning of a process of democratization.

Indonesia has many distinct groups culturally, linguistically and religiously across its many islands. Javanese are the most represented population in terms of numbers and political influence (about 40% of the population). In the 2000 national census, the Indonesian population was 206 million people. Recent estimates estimate Indonesia's population at more than 250 million. 130 million people live on Java, the most populous island in the world. As a nation, Indonesia has developed a common identity by defining a national language and respecting diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim majority. The official language of Indonesia is Indonesian, taught in schools and spoken by almost all Indonesians. It is the language used in commerce, politics, national media, schools and universities. It is a form of Malay, a group of languages ​​very close to each other to the point of allowing some misunderstanding. In fact, Indonesian has adopted many words from different regional languages, including Javanese but also Sundanese.

Most Indonesians also speak one of several hundred local languages, often as mother tongue. Among these languages, the most spoken is Javanese, followed by Sundanese. Following the colonial period, Indonesians still speak Dutch today (30,000 speakers in 2007, often over the age of 65). In all, there are 742 different languages ​​in Indonesia, some of which are extinct or endangered. Finally, English is very common in tourist areas. There are probably two or three million English speakers in second language. Despite its large population and densely populated areas, Indonesia has large areas of wilderness which gives the country great biodiversity even though this heritage is declining because of human activities. Indonesia's demography is that of a developing country that is coming to an end. In 2012 its natural increase is 1.04%, its birth rate is 17% (12% in France), its mortality rate of 6% (8% in France) but the rate that remains alarming is the infant mortality rate 30% (3.5% in France). However, life expectancy at birth is 71 years against 81 in France, and the population is much younger than in developed countries. The Indonesian population is likely to reach nearly 400 million by 2030. With its HDI of 0.629 in 2012, Indonesia ranks 124th in the world, among the countries with average human development, and below of the world average of 0.682. Its HDI was 0.617 in 2011.

Ethnic pressures:

The immensity of Indonesia and its thousands of islands make this nation a heterogeneous territory where they try to live with the same rights and duties of different ethnic groups. Indonesia has often had to deal with separatist movements in several provinces since its independence in 1945. Although the issues of East Timor (independence) and Aceh (broad autonomy) were resolved several years ago, Indonesia is still facing long-standing autonomist pressure in West Papua. Occupied by Indonesia since 1963, with the agreement of the United Nations and the United States, then attached in 1969 to the archipelago after a disputed referendum, Irian Jaya (Papua) has been subject for many years to a brutal repression because of the presence of gentile independence movements. Despite tens of thousands of victims, the conflict, little covered by the media, remains largely unknown. However, Stephen Corry, the director of Survival International, a militant organization for the rights of indigenous peoples, the Indonesian army "kills, rapes, tortures Papuans with impunity for almost fifty years. The international community can not remain silent and allow such atrocities to continue. " This year, clashes with major Indonesian military forces have increased and the security situation has deteriorated, especially after the assassination of a pro-independence leader. Indonesian power and violent repression are increasingly challenged locally, and tensions will persist until Papuans get more power. Papua is even discouraged by the site of French diplomacy, "great vigilance is to be observed and travel is discouraged unless imperative reason."

 economic and financial

2011 2012 estimate 2013 forecast

GDP per capita (US $ in PPP value) 4700 5100

GDP growth rate 6.5 6.2 6.5

Annual inflation rate 5.4 6.2 6

Budget balance / GDP (%) -1.6 -1 -1

Current balance / GDP (%) 0.2 0.4 -0.8

Public debt / GDP (%) 25 23.2 21.1

According to Coface, growth is resilient and will remain very strong in 2013, as it is supported by very dynamic domestic demand. Indonesia suffered little from the slowdown in the global economy in 2012, as its economy is relatively open: exports account for only 25% of GDP, the lowest level of emerging Asia after India. Growth remains driven by domestic demand

which is favored by sustained credit growth. Household consumption and business investment both believe at high rates. On the supply side, it is the sectors linked to the expansion of domestic demand and credit that are the most dynamic (construction, automotive, services).

In 2013, export growth is expected to rebound, with commodities such as oil, gas, coal, palm oil and rubber, accounting for 50% of the total, benefiting from strong Chinese demand. Indonesia, however, must be careful to maintain its independence from Chinese demand.

Inflation remained contained in 2012, close to the target of the central bank (3.5 to 5.5%), and should remain so in 2013, in a context of expectations of moderate inflation of households and of near-stable world oil prices.

The financial situation remains solid, but the current account is now in deficit. The dynamics of public debt remain very favorable: public debt will continue to fall in 2013, under the combined effect of sustained growth and a small deficit. This performance, however, masks an inefficient allocation of state resources: public investment in infrastructure remains low, unlike spending on gasoline subsidies, which accounts for 3.5% of GDP. Due to its geography, Indonesia badly needs strong and efficient infrastructure.

On the external side, the situation is solid but the current account is deteriorating. Indeed, the trade balance suffers in 2012 from the strong growth of imports linked to very dynamic domestic demand and the decline in exports. The current account is expected to continue to deteriorate in 2013 despite the expected recovery of the latter. Foreign investment is up sharply. Their growth is particularly high in sectors of activity related to household consumption (such as automobiles) and investment. Finally, the banking sector continues to perform well: high capitalization and profitability ratios, declining bad debt rates. However, the rapid growth of credit poses the risk of an increase in non-performing loans, but only in the medium term. Sectors of activity: Agriculture accounts for 40.50% of GDP, as are services, while industry accounts for 19%.

Its geography made of thousands of islands forces Indonesia to equip itself with solid infrastructures to be able to exchange commercially and to welcome the tourists:

Railways: The construction of the railway network in Indonesia dates from the time of the Dutch East Indies. This network is only found on Java (3,327 km), Sumatra (1,348 km) and Kalimantan (122 km). It is dedicated on the island of Java to passenger transport and that on those of Sumatra and Kalimantan, freight transport.

Airports: the archipelago of more than 17,000 islands has 230 national and international "approved" airports (a dozen).

Port: Jakarta port, Indonesia's leading port, ranks only 24th in the world

Roads: The 477,000 km road network of which only 743 km of motorways is well below the regional level of Southeast Asia and the government's efforts are too weak to change the situation. Financial situation of the country: The sustainability of public finances has improved, thanks to a better collection of tax revenues (+ 11%) and to a still conservative approach of the public debt (less than 25% of the GDP, with a goal reduce it to less than 20% over the next five years). Despite the still largely positive balance of the financial account, the balance of payments, traditionally in surplus, became slightly negative in 2012 (- 0.2% of GDP) due to the sharp deterioration in the current account since the end of 2011.

The pressure on the rupee has increased sharply, with a depreciation against the dollar of more than 6%, despite regular interventions by the Central Bank.

economic situation of the country:

The main challenge for Indonesia lies in the disbursement of its budget, which is often slowed down by administrative burdens, the multiplication of controls to fight against corruption or the complexity generated by budgetary transfers to the provinces. In the absence of sufficient investment (both public and private), during the ten years following the Asian crisis of 1997, the country's infrastructure deteriorated sharply. The current government has launched major projects in 2011 to modernize the country, with the aim of developing 22 leading sectors in Indonesia by 2025. It is also a roadmap for the development of 6 corridors on Indonesian soil. The identified economic corridors, six in number, are as follows:

- Java: industry and services.

- Sumatra: energy, transformation of natural resources.

- Kalimantan (Borneo): energy and mining industry.

- Papua and Maluku: mines, energy, agriculture.

- Sulawesi (Celebes): agriculture, plantations, fishing, energy.

- Bali and Nusa Tenggara (Sunda Islands): tourism and agribusiness.

 geological

Many Indonesian regions are regularly subject to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis. The earthquake at the origin of the great tsunami of 26 December 2004 (200 000 estimated deaths) has thus recalled that the whole archipelago is experiencing a significant seismic activity. Events of the same type are likely to occur again, Indonesia being located on the "Pacific Ring of Fire" (alignment of volcanoes bordering the Pacific on 40 000kilometers).

In addition, many Indonesian volcanoes are active and can erupt at any time. The Sinabung volcano, located north of the island of Sumatra, erupted this year. The volcanic activity has resulted in the production of high volcanic ash columns and the projection of stones up to 4 km from the volcano. Indonesian authorities have declared a 5-km no-go zone around the volcano and 15,000 people have already been evacuated.

It is recalled that risks of landslides and serious floods are frequent during the rainy season. The greatest caution is advised for all travel in rural areas.

Media and cultural recognition:

Indonesia enjoys fairly good media and cultural recognition. This made it possible, during the various earthquakes or tsunamis, to raise awareness very quickly of the international relief and the people to make donations. However, UNESCO has accused the media of abandoning tsunami-devastated countries to cover more important or urgent information after only one month, without going back to the devastated countries and their need for assistance in rebuilding their buildings. and infrastructures. Indeed the world opinion also needs to be informed about the consequences of the tsunami and the evolution of the situation, its consequences on the populations, in particular with regard to questions like the transparency of the financing operations, the reconstruction the livelihoods of tsunami-affected populations, or the specific needs of women, children and other disadvantaged groups.

The Indonesian diaspora:

322,000 Indonesians are spread across the world, beyond their borders, including more than 43% in the Netherlands, which can be explained by the common history of the two countries. We note the importance of graduates of higher education in the Indonesian diaspora. Members of the Indonesian diaspora in the Netherlands helped Jakarta finance social housing for the needy in Muara Angke.

The movie theater :

Indonesian cinema appeared in 1926, during the colonial era. It has a long history but it remains emerging globally.

CONCLUSION

Studies show that in 2030, Indonesia will be the sixth largest economy behind China, the United States, Japan, Brazil and Russia.

For that, the country will have to invest massively and structurally in its infrastructures, but will also have to act for an egalitarian development of its different ethnic groups, at the risk of losing its credibility on the international scene against the powerful NGOs which support the development of the populations. The resolutions taken by the country to improve the lives of its people but also its businesses can be decisive if they are well applied to the growth and importance of Indonesia in the world.

The political risk is, however, rather low in the medium and long term, so it is quite possible to discuss with Indonesia, as to settle there, we must be wary of the lack of infrastructure that increases the cost of business .