معلومات عن ايران بالانجليزي

تعبير تقرير برجراف فقرة برزنتيشن بحث موضوع ملخص جاهز باللغة الانجليزي  كتابة انشاء عبارات حكم اقوال تعبير بالانجليزي عن. تقرير جاهز سهل بسيط قطعة معلومات بسيطة مبسط نبذة عن الاقتصاد السكان تعبير عن بلادي اسم كلمة معنى كيف تكتب

information about  معلومات عن جمهورية دولة حول  تكاليف المعيشه السياحة في

 للطلاب عرض ملخص مختصر حول الحياة والعادات والتقاليد فى  لمحة تعريفية

موضوع عن ايران بالانجليزي ايراني بالانجليزي موضوع تعبير كلمة ايران بالانجليزي فارسي بالانجليزي معلومات عن ايران غيرة بالانجليزي علم ايران

Introduction

Iran, or more precisely, the Islamic Republic of Iran is, as its name suggests, a theocratic republic through which legislation is largely dictated by or at least in accordance with Muslim law. The Iranian state is geographically located in the Middle East (or in West Asia according to the point of view) and covers an area of ​​1,648,195 km². It has land borders with Iraq, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan. It also shares maritime borders with Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates and Oman. The official language of Iran is Persian (or Farsi) but not all Iranians speak Persian as a family. In this multiethnic space, we find about 18% of the population that speaks a Turkish language or 10% of the population who also speaks Kurdish. In July 2013, the number of Iranians was estimated at 79,853,900 with about 61% of Persians, 16% of Azeris, 10% of Kurds, 7% of gilakis and mazandérans, 2% of Arabs and 4% of Arabs. other ethnicities. 98% of the population is Muslim and 89% of the population is Muslim Shiite which makes it the great specificity of Iran. The official currency of Iran is the rial; 1 euro equals 33,000 IR (November 2013). Iran has a Human Development Index (HDI) * which has increased significantly since the 1980s (0.443 in 1980 and 0.742 in 2012) but has been stagnating since the mid-2000s. Its HDI in 2012 was 0.742, which places the Republic above the world average (0.694) and below the French HDI (0.893) and is roughly equivalent to the index of France in 1985. Being Iranian in 2013 we can hope to live up to 73 years. 85% of the population is literate. Iran has a very old and very rich national culture unlike the other relatively young states of the region.

What used to be Persia is today at the center of international news because of the controversial development of its nuclear program. Iran's ill will in terms of transparency with regard to the potentially military aspects of its nuclear program, has forced the international community to establish economic sanctions against it, sanctions provided for by the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty that the Iran signed. This critical situation is currently in a state of relaxation following the Geneva agreements of November 23, 2013, which provide for a reduction of sanctions against more Iranian cooperation on the nuclear issue. This new situation certainly marks the beginning of an era of Iran's integration into the international arena and is enough to breathe new life into an Iranian economy stifled by sanctions. Faced with the hopes of the present, the risk assessment for investment in Iran is of interest.

* calculated according to the United Nations Development Program method (see sources)

economic and financial

The Iranian economy is historically based on strong state involvement in developing five-year plans and tight control over energy industries (mainly oil and gas) as well as large corporations. The heart of its economy revolves around oil revenues. The international sanctions against Iran, which targets in particular this sector (plus exports, transport and the financial sector) have finally proved very effective since the Persian economy is now in a critical situation. In 2012, Iran's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was $ 1016 billion (18th in the world). This is the first time that GDP has declined since the 2000s. The Islamic Republic posted a negative growth of 1.9% in 2012 and this could be worse in 2013 (-5.8% according to the National Council of the Iranian Resistance, party opposition to the regime in exile). Prices for consumer goods have risen sharply (inflation approaching 50% in 2013) and the rial has plummeted to more than 80% of its value since 2012. About half of the urban population of Iran (according to the National Council of Resistance ), would live below the poverty line with a GDP per capita of $ 13,000 per year (100th worldwide). Its budget balance was 4% of GDP in 2012, its trade balance 39,000 million dollars at the end of 2012 and its negative current account balance of $ 9 billion. Positive point, Iran's public debt is down every year it represents 7.9% of GDP. % of GDP in 2013. In March last the external debt was close to 8 billion dollars or 2 times less than the previous year.

Given these data, we can better understand Iran's current strategy, which explicitly aims to cancel international sanctions against it. And recent agreements in Geneva that provide for a reduction in sanctions confirm that it is on track to achieve its goals. Even if, as Laurent Fabius, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, says, sanctions relief is "targeted and reversible", there is still a huge gap and the prospects for foreign investment are enormous. The Iranian market, with nearly 80 million inhabitants, has great potential, it represents the last major market that is not part of the World Trade Organization. Iranians are an educated people (more than 93% of 15-40 year olds are literate) and hungry for consumer goods and technological goods: the internet market is exploding and the number of subscriptions to a subscription mobile phone exceeds the number of inhabitants. This market is solvent and has high needs for equipment and infrastructure projects. Production costs are low. In addition, the new government is highly motivated to facilitate the privatization of the national economy and the procedures for foreign investment. There are major issues for French interests. Remember that before the US sanctions on the Iranian automotive sector, Peugeot (PSA) manufactured 400,000 cars a year. This represented the second largest market after France for the multinational. Note also that sanctions on the automotive sector have largely broken the French opportunities and benefits the American interests of General Motors. Also Google and Apple expect to arrive massively in the country. Americans will therefore be major competitors in this potentially emerging market. However, while it is clear that relations between French and Iranian governments are fluctuating, the two peoples have rubbed shoulders since the Middle Ages and France has welcomed many Iranians in exile. This can be a weight advantage over the American "Great Satan". For Behzad Azarsa, economic adviser of the Iranian embassy in Paris, the French could benefit from reconciliations in the sectors of tourism, agriculture, technology, construction and transport. According to him "caution, at this time especially, is not necessarily good counselor" (see sources). The next investors will also have to contend with Asian and Russian competitors.

geographical and environmental:

Seismic and geological risks:

Iran is located between two main seismic zones: the Iranian plate is wedged between the Arabian plate and the Eurasian plate. As a result, the seismic risk in Iran is very high and even more so in Tehran. In 1990, an earthquake of magnitude 7.7 caused more than 45,000 deaths in the northwest of the country Moreover, the infrastructures are not necessarily developed to absorb a strong earthquake. In 2002 the head of the international seismographic research center alarmed the Iranian authorities on the probability of 65% that a large-scale earthquake will occur in the next ten years (from 2002). This percentage would increase over time.

Health and epidemic risks:

Iran is not particularly dangerous from an epidemiological point of view, but one must be vigilant. No vaccinations are required to stay in Iran, but it is advisable to take vaccines against polio, diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis A and to guard against malaria if you stay in certain areas at risk. There is a risk of transmission of the coronavirus. It is better to consume cooked food and bottled drinks tightly closed because the water is sometimes not drinkable (no problems in large cities). From a health point of view it is important to point out that international sanctions have resulted in a shortage of many medicines.

Conclusion:

Iran is a potentially explosive country both in the positive sense of the term and in the negative sense. There are real threats to investment but on the other hand the possible benefits are enormous in this almost virgin market of 80 million inhabitants. Thus, the risks appear considerable because of their potential consequences but are minimal because of their probability of hatching. Everything is at stake in the outcome of the current negotiations on Iran's nuclear power and the resulting sanctions. The most likely version is also the one that is the most economically beneficial. The risk analysis concludes that the chances of Iran and the West getting along and allowing the country to regain real economic growth are higher than the opposite. The risk / opportunity ratio appears favorable to the investment, but one must be vigilant. The possible lifting of sanctions may also not be enough to turn the country around and pose a big problem to the current government. But in the end there is a real opportunity to seize. The most successful businessmen will undoubtedly be the least cautious of today even if the dangers exist. It is suitable for future investors to always keep abreast of developments.