تعبير تقرير برجراف فقرة برزنتيشن بحث موضوع ملخص
جاهز باللغة الانجليزي كتابة انشاء عبارات حكم اقوال تعبير بالانجليزي عن. تقرير جاهز سهل بسيط
قطعة معلومات بسيطة مبسط نبذة عن الاقتصاد السكان تعبير عن بلادي اسم
كلمة معنى كيف تكتب
information about معلومات عن جمهورية دولة حول تكاليف المعيشه السياحة في
للطلاب عرض ملخص مختصر حول الحياة
والعادات والتقاليد فى لمحة تعريفية
موضوع عن ايران بالانجليزي
ايراني بالانجليزي
موضوع تعبير كلمة ايران بالانجليزي فارسي بالانجليزي معلومات عن ايران غيرة بالانجليزي علم ايران
Introduction
Iran, or more precisely, the Islamic Republic of Iran
is, as its name suggests, a theocratic republic through which legislation is
largely dictated by or at least in accordance with Muslim law. The Iranian
state is geographically located in the Middle East (or in West Asia according
to the point of view) and covers an area of 1,648,195 km². It has land borders with Iraq, Turkey, Azerbaijan,
Armenia, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan. It also shares maritime
borders with Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates and
Oman. The official language of Iran is Persian (or Farsi) but not all Iranians
speak Persian as a family. In this multiethnic space, we find about 18% of the
population that speaks a Turkish language or 10% of the population who also speaks
Kurdish. In July 2013, the number of Iranians was estimated at 79,853,900 with
about 61% of Persians, 16% of Azeris, 10% of Kurds, 7% of gilakis and
mazandérans, 2% of Arabs and 4% of Arabs. other ethnicities. 98% of the
population is Muslim and 89% of the population is Muslim Shiite which makes it
the great specificity of Iran. The official currency of Iran is the rial; 1
euro equals 33,000 IR (November 2013). Iran has a Human Development Index (HDI)
* which has increased significantly since the 1980s (0.443 in 1980 and 0.742 in
2012) but has been stagnating since the mid-2000s. Its HDI in 2012 was 0.742,
which places the Republic above the world average (0.694) and below the French
HDI (0.893) and is roughly equivalent to the index of France in 1985. Being
Iranian in 2013 we can hope to live up to 73 years. 85% of the population is
literate. Iran has a very old and very rich national culture unlike the other
relatively young states of the region.
What used to be Persia is today at the center of international
news because of the controversial development of its nuclear program. Iran's
ill will in terms of transparency with regard to the potentially military
aspects of its nuclear program, has forced the international community to
establish economic sanctions against it, sanctions provided for by the Nuclear
Non-Proliferation Treaty that the Iran signed. This critical situation is
currently in a state of relaxation following the Geneva agreements of November
23, 2013, which provide for a reduction of sanctions against more Iranian
cooperation on the nuclear issue. This new situation certainly marks the
beginning of an era of Iran's integration into the international arena and is
enough to breathe new life into an Iranian economy stifled by sanctions. Faced
with the hopes of the present, the risk assessment for investment in Iran is of
interest.
* calculated according to the United Nations
Development Program method (see sources)
economic and financial
The Iranian economy is historically based on strong
state involvement in developing five-year plans and tight control over energy
industries (mainly oil and gas) as well as large corporations. The heart of its
economy revolves around oil revenues. The international sanctions against Iran,
which targets in particular this sector (plus exports, transport and the
financial sector) have finally proved very effective since the Persian economy
is now in a critical situation. In 2012, Iran's Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
was $ 1016 billion (18th in the world). This is the first time that GDP has
declined since the 2000s. The Islamic Republic posted a negative growth of 1.9%
in 2012 and this could be worse in 2013 (-5.8% according to the National
Council of the Iranian Resistance, party opposition to the regime in exile).
Prices for consumer goods have risen sharply (inflation approaching 50% in
2013) and the rial has plummeted to more than 80% of its value since 2012.
About half of the urban population of Iran (according to the National Council
of Resistance ), would live below the poverty line with a GDP per capita of $
13,000 per year (100th worldwide). Its budget balance was 4% of GDP in 2012,
its trade balance 39,000 million dollars at the end of 2012 and its negative
current account balance of $ 9 billion. Positive point, Iran's public debt is
down every year it represents 7.9% of GDP. % of GDP in 2013. In March last the
external debt was close to 8 billion dollars or 2 times less than the previous
year.
Given these data, we can better understand Iran's
current strategy, which explicitly aims to cancel international sanctions
against it. And recent agreements in Geneva that provide for a reduction in
sanctions confirm that it is on track to achieve its goals. Even if, as Laurent
Fabius, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, says, sanctions relief is
"targeted and reversible", there is still a huge gap and the
prospects for foreign investment are enormous. The Iranian market, with nearly
80 million inhabitants, has great potential, it represents the last major
market that is not part of the World Trade Organization. Iranians are an
educated people (more than 93% of 15-40 year olds are literate) and hungry for
consumer goods and technological goods: the internet market is exploding and
the number of subscriptions to a subscription mobile phone exceeds the number
of inhabitants. This market is solvent and has high needs for equipment and
infrastructure projects. Production costs are low. In addition, the new
government is highly motivated to facilitate the privatization of the national
economy and the procedures for foreign investment. There are major issues for
French interests. Remember that before the US sanctions on the Iranian
automotive sector, Peugeot (PSA) manufactured 400,000 cars a year. This
represented the second largest market after France for the multinational. Note
also that sanctions on the automotive sector have largely broken the French
opportunities and benefits the American interests of General Motors. Also
Google and Apple expect to arrive massively in the country. Americans will
therefore be major competitors in this potentially emerging market. However,
while it is clear that relations between French and Iranian governments are
fluctuating, the two peoples have rubbed shoulders since the Middle Ages and France
has welcomed many Iranians in exile. This can be a weight advantage over the
American "Great Satan". For Behzad Azarsa, economic adviser of the
Iranian embassy in Paris, the French could benefit from reconciliations in the
sectors of tourism, agriculture, technology, construction and transport.
According to him "caution, at this time especially, is not necessarily
good counselor" (see sources). The next investors will also have to
contend with Asian and Russian competitors.
geographical and environmental:
Seismic and geological risks:
Iran is located between two main seismic zones: the
Iranian plate is wedged between the Arabian plate and the Eurasian plate. As a
result, the seismic risk in Iran is very high and even more so in Tehran. In
1990, an earthquake of magnitude 7.7 caused more than 45,000 deaths in the
northwest of the country Moreover, the infrastructures are not necessarily
developed to absorb a strong earthquake. In 2002 the head of the international
seismographic research center alarmed the Iranian authorities on the
probability of 65% that a large-scale earthquake will occur in the next ten
years (from 2002). This percentage would increase over time.
Health and epidemic risks:
Iran is not particularly dangerous from an
epidemiological point of view, but one must be vigilant. No vaccinations are
required to stay in Iran, but it is advisable to take vaccines against polio,
diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis A and to guard against malaria if you stay in
certain areas at risk. There is a risk of transmission of the coronavirus. It
is better to consume cooked food and bottled drinks tightly closed because the
water is sometimes not drinkable (no problems in large cities). From a health
point of view it is important to point out that international sanctions have
resulted in a shortage of many medicines.
Conclusion:
Iran is a potentially explosive country both in the
positive sense of the term and in the negative sense. There are real threats to
investment but on the other hand the possible benefits are enormous in this
almost virgin market of 80 million inhabitants. Thus, the risks appear
considerable because of their potential consequences but are minimal because of
their probability of hatching. Everything is at stake in the outcome of the
current negotiations on Iran's nuclear power and the resulting sanctions. The
most likely version is also the one that is the most economically beneficial.
The risk analysis concludes that the chances of Iran and the West getting along
and allowing the country to regain real economic growth are higher than the
opposite. The risk / opportunity ratio appears favorable to the investment, but
one must be vigilant. The possible lifting of sanctions may also not be enough
to turn the country around and pose a big problem to the current government.
But in the end there is a real opportunity to seize. The most successful
businessmen will undoubtedly be the least cautious of today even if the dangers
exist. It is suitable for future investors to always keep abreast of
developments.
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