موضوع بالانجليزي عن دولة الصين

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معلومات عن الصين بالصور

بوربوينت عن سور الصين العظيم بالانجليزي

the great wall of china information

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معلومات عن الصين بالانجليزي مترجم

China is the second largest country in the world in terms of its nominal gross domestic product (GDP), behind the United States. In 2014, according to the latest estimates by the World Bank, it has become the first country in the world for purchasing power parity (PPP) GDP. According to these estimates, China's gross domestic product (GDP) amounted to $ 17,617,321 million in 2014, compared to $ 17,419,000 million for the United States. PPP is the measure of purchasing power against a "basket" of 3,000 products, instead of converting GDP at the official rate of exchange. This measure is particularly preferred for comparing GDP per capita levels in different countries.

By 2015, the Chinese economic growth forecast, which has been very rapid, has been lowered to below 7% a year, which remains high8 but is still the lowest in 25 years. In the next five years, China should take an increasing lead over the United States. Thus, the IMF expects its PPP GDP to reach $ 23 trillion in 2019, when that of the United States is expected to be $ 21 trillion. The pace of this exponential economic expansion remains uncertain in the coming years, however, and will require strategic choices to be made by the leadership of the Communist Party of China, in particular for investment in research and development9.

Led by the Communist Party since 1949 and Mao Zedong's rise to power, China's economy was marked by a very strong state intervention until the 1970s. Inspired by the Soviet model, this dirigiste economic model included planning in many agricultural and industrial sectors, as well as relative isolation on the international trade scene. Since 1976, when Deng Xiaoping came to power, China has developed a model commonly referred to as the "socialist market economy", which brings together an ever-present public sector and a certain degree of economic liberalism, as well as a progressive opening of its internal market.

Since the 1980s, the country has enjoyed particularly sustained economic growth, exceeding 10% in some years and showing little sensitivity to cyclical shocks - notably the subprime crisis and the debt crisis in the euro area. From 2000 to 2010, China provided 33% of the world's growth in absolute terms10. However, the population remains relatively poor: in purchasing power parity, per capita GDP in 2013 is estimated at $ 9,800 per capita, placing China 121st in the world11. Yet PPA calculations are notoriously difficult12; the World Bank's 2014 estimates have revised China's (and Indian) data sharply, with GDP per capita at $ 13,217, which placed China at the 81st position in the world. These figures, however, cover important regional inequalities: the east coast, where the economic heart of the country is located, notably Shanghai, Hong Kong and Macao, concentrates wealth production at the expense of the western provinces, which remain very rural and a significant developmental delay.

There are 800 million people in the country's labor force14. Agriculture occupies 33.6% of the labor force in 2012, but accounts for only 10% of GDP14. Industry, on the other hand, has a prominent place: it employs about 30.3% of the working population and is the most productive sector, accounting for nearly 47% of GDP14. The large trade surplus caused by industrial exports enabled the country to build up large foreign exchange reserves, which reached $ 3 820 billion as at 1 January 2014, the largest ever recorded. These reserves give the country considerable financial strength on the international stage. However, Chinese finance is experiencing difficulties related to the explosion of shadow banking, unconventional and unregulated finance, which the political power fails to contain and the rating agencyMoody's estimated at $ 4,800 billion in early 201416 .

The public sector continues to play an important role in economic life, but private enterprises play an increasingly important role and the country has become a major part of the world economic system. As a symbol of this recent opening, China became a member of the World Trade Organization in 2001.

languages

China, Japan, Taiwan, and Singapore have used and still use Chinese characters at least in part. South Korea uses them only marginally, even if a thousand characters are still taught at school. Vietnam and North Korea hardly use them anymore (it is limited to temples and a few lunar festivals).

In China, Mandarin is officially spoken, but also many other languages ​​(mainly Wu, Cantonese for Hans), autonomous regions have their own official languages ​​in addition to Mandarin (Mongolian, Uyghur, Tibetan, etc.) and different dialects of these languages; in Taiwan and Singapore, we speak officially Mandarin and many minnan (also used on the mainland). In Hong Kong (former British concession) and Macao (former Portuguese concession), we speak Cantonese and since the handover to China, more and more Mandarin.