Past Perfect Simple
Affirmative
I
He/She/It
We/You/They
had worked/written
Negative
I
He/She/It
We/You/They
hadn’t worked/written
134
Reported Speech (Questions)
• We usually introduce reported questions with the
reporting verb ask.
• Reported questions follow the word order of
affirmative sentences.
‘Why did he come back?’ he asked.
He asked me why he had come back.
• If the direct question begins with a question word, the
reported question also begins with the same question word.
‘What are you doing?’ he asked.
He asked me what I was doing.
• If the direct question does not begin with a question
word, the reported question begins with if/whether.
‘Did you enjoy dinner?’ he asked.
He asked me if/whether I had enjoyed dinner.
• When we change questions from Direct to Reported
Speech, pronouns, tenses, adverbs, etc. change in the
same way as when we report statements.
Reported Speech (Commands and Requests)
• We commonly use tell when we report commands and
ask when we report requests.
• The Imperative changes to full infinitive or not + full
infinitive.
‘Stay there,’ said the man.
The man told me to stay there.
‘Don't take this away, please,’ he said.
He asked me not to take that away.
We use:
• wish + Past Simple:
to make a wish about a present situation which we would
like to be different.
I wish I didn’t have to take any more exams.
• wish + could + base form:
to express regret about something we cannot do at
present.
I wish I could help you!
We use Conditional Sentences Type 2 for unreal or imaginary
situations which are unlikely to happen in the present or the
future.
Conditional Sentences
Wishes
If I had enough money, I would buy a bigger flat.
You could get that job if you took my advice.
if-clause main clause
if + Past Simple would/could + base form
• In Conditional Sentences Type 2 were is often used
instead of was in the if-clause.
If Andy were older, he could take driving lessons.
• We use if I were you to express an opinion or give
advice.
If I were you, I’d take it easy.
NOTE
We usually use were after all persons in wishes.
I wish this course were easier.
NOTE
• When a sentence changes from Direct to Reported
Speech, tenses, modals and time expressions change as
follows.
Present Simple Past Simple
Tom said, ‘I want to go to the festival.’
Tom said (that) he wanted to go to the festival.
Present Progressive Past Progressive
Salah said, ‘I'm reading a novel.’
Salah said he was reading a novel.
Past Simple Past Perfect Simple
Pete said, ‘Mum made some sandwiches.’
Pete said his mum had made some sandwiches.
Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple
Joe said, ‘I've worked hard today.’
Joe said he had worked hard that day.
will would
Sean said, ‘I'll be there soon.’
Sean said he would be there soon.
can could
Jack said, ‘I can help you with your homework.’
Jack said he could help me with my homework.
may might
Frank said, ‘I may buy him a pair of shoes.’
Frank said he might buy him a pair of shoes.
must had to
Dad said, ‘You must be home early.’
Dad said I had to be home early.
now then
Mike said, ‘I’ll call him now.’
Mike said he would call him then.
here there
Eric said, ‘I saw it here.’
Eric said he had seen it there.
ago before
Bill said, ‘I bought this house two years ago.’
Bill said he had bought that house two years before.
today, tonight that day, that night
Don said, ‘We're having pizza for lunch today.’
Don said they were having pizza for lunch that day.
yesterday the previous day / the day before
Dad said, ‘I visited the doctor yesterday.’
Dad said he had visited the doctor the previous day.
this morning/year, etc. that morning/year, etc.
Beth said, ‘I haven’t bought anything this year.’
Beth said she hadn’t bought anything that year.
tomorrow the next day / the following day
Len said, ‘I'm flying to London tomorrow.’
Len said he was flying to London the following day.
last week/month, etc. the previous week/month etc.
/ the week/month, etc./before
Colin said, ‘I met them last year.’
Colin said he had met them the previous year.
next week / month, etc. the following week/month, etc.
Bob said, ‘I'll finish the report next week.’
Bob said he would finish the report the following week.
• The Past Perfect and the verbs could, might,
should, would and used to do not change in
Reported Speech.
• The Past Progressive usually doesn’t change in
Reported Speech.
NOTE
Affirmative
I
He/She/It
We/You/They
had worked/written
Negative
I
He/She/It
We/You/They
hadn’t worked/written
134
Reported Speech (Questions)
• We usually introduce reported questions with the
reporting verb ask.
• Reported questions follow the word order of
affirmative sentences.
‘Why did he come back?’ he asked.
He asked me why he had come back.
• If the direct question begins with a question word, the
reported question also begins with the same question word.
‘What are you doing?’ he asked.
He asked me what I was doing.
• If the direct question does not begin with a question
word, the reported question begins with if/whether.
‘Did you enjoy dinner?’ he asked.
He asked me if/whether I had enjoyed dinner.
• When we change questions from Direct to Reported
Speech, pronouns, tenses, adverbs, etc. change in the
same way as when we report statements.
Reported Speech (Commands and Requests)
• We commonly use tell when we report commands and
ask when we report requests.
• The Imperative changes to full infinitive or not + full
infinitive.
‘Stay there,’ said the man.
The man told me to stay there.
‘Don't take this away, please,’ he said.
He asked me not to take that away.
We use:
• wish + Past Simple:
to make a wish about a present situation which we would
like to be different.
I wish I didn’t have to take any more exams.
• wish + could + base form:
to express regret about something we cannot do at
present.
I wish I could help you!
We use Conditional Sentences Type 2 for unreal or imaginary
situations which are unlikely to happen in the present or the
future.
Conditional Sentences
Wishes
If I had enough money, I would buy a bigger flat.
You could get that job if you took my advice.
if-clause main clause
if + Past Simple would/could + base form
• In Conditional Sentences Type 2 were is often used
instead of was in the if-clause.
If Andy were older, he could take driving lessons.
• We use if I were you to express an opinion or give
advice.
If I were you, I’d take it easy.
NOTE
We usually use were after all persons in wishes.
I wish this course were easier.
NOTE
• When a sentence changes from Direct to Reported
Speech, tenses, modals and time expressions change as
follows.
Present Simple Past Simple
Tom said, ‘I want to go to the festival.’
Tom said (that) he wanted to go to the festival.
Present Progressive Past Progressive
Salah said, ‘I'm reading a novel.’
Salah said he was reading a novel.
Past Simple Past Perfect Simple
Pete said, ‘Mum made some sandwiches.’
Pete said his mum had made some sandwiches.
Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple
Joe said, ‘I've worked hard today.’
Joe said he had worked hard that day.
will would
Sean said, ‘I'll be there soon.’
Sean said he would be there soon.
can could
Jack said, ‘I can help you with your homework.’
Jack said he could help me with my homework.
may might
Frank said, ‘I may buy him a pair of shoes.’
Frank said he might buy him a pair of shoes.
must had to
Dad said, ‘You must be home early.’
Dad said I had to be home early.
now then
Mike said, ‘I’ll call him now.’
Mike said he would call him then.
here there
Eric said, ‘I saw it here.’
Eric said he had seen it there.
ago before
Bill said, ‘I bought this house two years ago.’
Bill said he had bought that house two years before.
today, tonight that day, that night
Don said, ‘We're having pizza for lunch today.’
Don said they were having pizza for lunch that day.
yesterday the previous day / the day before
Dad said, ‘I visited the doctor yesterday.’
Dad said he had visited the doctor the previous day.
this morning/year, etc. that morning/year, etc.
Beth said, ‘I haven’t bought anything this year.’
Beth said she hadn’t bought anything that year.
tomorrow the next day / the following day
Len said, ‘I'm flying to London tomorrow.’
Len said he was flying to London the following day.
last week/month, etc. the previous week/month etc.
/ the week/month, etc./before
Colin said, ‘I met them last year.’
Colin said he had met them the previous year.
next week / month, etc. the following week/month, etc.
Bob said, ‘I'll finish the report next week.’
Bob said he would finish the report the following week.
• The Past Perfect and the verbs could, might,
should, would and used to do not change in
Reported Speech.
• The Past Progressive usually doesn’t change in
Reported Speech.
NOTE
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