FOCUS ON RELATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS
VOCABULARY
1. DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING
RELATIVE CLAUSES
1. COLLOCATIONS VERB + NOUN
A. Look at examples 2 and 3 again, note the relative
clauses introduced by which and answer the
questions below.
Match the verbs with the nouns in the box to form
collocations.
NOTE
A collocation is a combination of two words
(e.g. verb + noun, adjective + noun) which are
often used together.
an experiment a class an exam a course
a mark a mistake homework an effort
a project progress a language a lesson
a certificate a grant a test
2. WORDS EASILY CONFUSED
Complete the sentences using the words in the box.
subject lesson course
certificate degree award
teacher professor instructor
FOCUS ON DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING
RELATIVE CLAUSES
B. Read the rules below and decide which of the
relative clauses in examples 1-6 are defining and
which are non-defining.
• In which of the two examples does the sentence make
no sense without the relative clause?
• In which sentence is the relative clause used to give
additional information?
• In which of the two examples could which be replaced
by that?
• What is the difference in punctuation in the two
examples?
get
make
do
take
study
Defining relative clauses:
• give necessary information without which the
meaning of the sentence is incomplete.
• are not separated from the rest of the sentence by
commas.
In defining relative clauses we can use that instead of
who or which.
Non-defining relative clauses:
• give additional information about someone or
something.
• are separated from the rest of the sentence by
commas.
In non-defining relative clauses we can’t use that
instead of who or which.
Which of the words in bold above refers to:
• people?
• places?
• time?
• things or ideas?
• possession?
Grammar Reference p. 133.
14
A. Join the sentences using who, which, whose, that or where.
2. PRACTICE
1. My colleague is from Wales. He plays tennis every weekend.
2. This is Mr Carter. His son won a college scholarship.
3. His book was published last year. It got on the bestseller list.
4. My cousin is moving to New York. He will study Fine Arts there.
5. This is the library. I borrowed the books from it.
6. I bought a new mobile phone. It cost me lots of money.
7. The man was arrested. He turned out to be my neighbour.
B. Complete the text with who, which, whose, that, when or where.
Read the text below and complete the gaps. Use only one word in each gap.
Choosing the right career is one of the hardest decisions people have to (1) . How do you go about making a
career choice when you don’t really know what you want to do? Well, the first thing you should (2) is consider
your values, interests and skills as this will make (3) career choices suitable and others not so suitable for you.
You can take what are called career tests (4) will tell you which occupations are appropriate for you. Think
about these occupations and circle the ones you find appealing. Then, look at the job description, educational and other
requirements, (5) well as the earnings. The next thing you should do is talk to people (6)
have firsthand knowledge of the occupations you are interested in. If they have convinced you that it’s the right career choice
for you, then you need to start training for your new career. You might need to get a degree or (7) some
courses to learn some new skills. And remember, if you are not satisfied (8) your career choice for any reason,
you can always change it. Lots of people do!
It was a holiday in Corfu (1) first gave me the idea to write this novel. The story is about
a family (2) moves to a small village on the island to start a new life. They discover that
the villagers, (3) at first seem open and welcoming, are actually desperate to hide a terrible
secret. While writing the book, I tried to include descriptions of the island
(4) beauty fascinated me. I finished the book in just a couple
of months, (5) is quite fast, even for me. You see writing is something
(6) comes quite naturally to
me now but it wasn't always like that. I mean, I
really used to find it hard at first and there was
a time (7) I felt I had no talent
at all. I would have given up if it hadn't been for
my father, (8) encouraged me to
keep writing.
Now, besides writing, I also teach a Creative
Writing course at a college in Manchester,
(9) I live with my family. I
always tell my students that writing is a career
(10) requires patience, hard work
as well as imagination.
ENGLISH IN USE
An author confesses
career choices
15
• Why are you learning English?
• What do you like most/least about learning English?
1. a. spending six weeks travelling around the world
b. taking classes in the country of your choice
c. hiring native speakers to interact with you
2. a. according to language level
b. according to age group
c. according to age and language level
3. a. He was a high-school English teacher.
b. He owned two language schools.
c. He had a small school and taught English.
4. a. They were for children with special needs.
b. They took place during most working hours.
c. They began after 3pm.
5. a. Japanese
b. German
c. French
6. a. You must be a certified teacher.
b. You must hold a Master’s degree in a language.
c. You must have any sort of college degree.
• In your opinion, what is the best way to learn a foreign
language? Why?
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of one-onone
learning?
• What kind of classroom activities are most effective in
learning a foreign language?
• What can people do to improve their skills in a foreign
language?
Discuss.
listening & speaking
In my opinion, the best way to learn a foreign
language is…
One advantage/disadvantage of one-on-one
learning is…
I think… would be very effective in learning a
foreign language.
Perhaps people can…
Another thing people can try is…
Remember that you hear the programme only once and
that the questions are recorded and not printed.
Read the options quickly before you hear each section of
the programme so that you can predict the questions and
focus on the corresponding parts of the programme.
Listen to each question carefully and make sure that
you choose the option which answers the question
according to what you have heard.
Don’t work on a question when the next question is
being spoken.
VOCABULARY
1. DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING
RELATIVE CLAUSES
1. COLLOCATIONS VERB + NOUN
A. Look at examples 2 and 3 again, note the relative
clauses introduced by which and answer the
questions below.
Match the verbs with the nouns in the box to form
collocations.
NOTE
A collocation is a combination of two words
(e.g. verb + noun, adjective + noun) which are
often used together.
an experiment a class an exam a course
a mark a mistake homework an effort
a project progress a language a lesson
a certificate a grant a test
2. WORDS EASILY CONFUSED
Complete the sentences using the words in the box.
subject lesson course
certificate degree award
teacher professor instructor
FOCUS ON DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING
RELATIVE CLAUSES
B. Read the rules below and decide which of the
relative clauses in examples 1-6 are defining and
which are non-defining.
• In which of the two examples does the sentence make
no sense without the relative clause?
• In which sentence is the relative clause used to give
additional information?
• In which of the two examples could which be replaced
by that?
• What is the difference in punctuation in the two
examples?
get
make
do
take
study
Defining relative clauses:
• give necessary information without which the
meaning of the sentence is incomplete.
• are not separated from the rest of the sentence by
commas.
In defining relative clauses we can use that instead of
who or which.
Non-defining relative clauses:
• give additional information about someone or
something.
• are separated from the rest of the sentence by
commas.
In non-defining relative clauses we can’t use that
instead of who or which.
Which of the words in bold above refers to:
• people?
• places?
• time?
• things or ideas?
• possession?
Grammar Reference p. 133.
14
A. Join the sentences using who, which, whose, that or where.
2. PRACTICE
1. My colleague is from Wales. He plays tennis every weekend.
2. This is Mr Carter. His son won a college scholarship.
3. His book was published last year. It got on the bestseller list.
4. My cousin is moving to New York. He will study Fine Arts there.
5. This is the library. I borrowed the books from it.
6. I bought a new mobile phone. It cost me lots of money.
7. The man was arrested. He turned out to be my neighbour.
B. Complete the text with who, which, whose, that, when or where.
Read the text below and complete the gaps. Use only one word in each gap.
Choosing the right career is one of the hardest decisions people have to (1) . How do you go about making a
career choice when you don’t really know what you want to do? Well, the first thing you should (2) is consider
your values, interests and skills as this will make (3) career choices suitable and others not so suitable for you.
You can take what are called career tests (4) will tell you which occupations are appropriate for you. Think
about these occupations and circle the ones you find appealing. Then, look at the job description, educational and other
requirements, (5) well as the earnings. The next thing you should do is talk to people (6)
have firsthand knowledge of the occupations you are interested in. If they have convinced you that it’s the right career choice
for you, then you need to start training for your new career. You might need to get a degree or (7) some
courses to learn some new skills. And remember, if you are not satisfied (8) your career choice for any reason,
you can always change it. Lots of people do!
It was a holiday in Corfu (1) first gave me the idea to write this novel. The story is about
a family (2) moves to a small village on the island to start a new life. They discover that
the villagers, (3) at first seem open and welcoming, are actually desperate to hide a terrible
secret. While writing the book, I tried to include descriptions of the island
(4) beauty fascinated me. I finished the book in just a couple
of months, (5) is quite fast, even for me. You see writing is something
(6) comes quite naturally to
me now but it wasn't always like that. I mean, I
really used to find it hard at first and there was
a time (7) I felt I had no talent
at all. I would have given up if it hadn't been for
my father, (8) encouraged me to
keep writing.
Now, besides writing, I also teach a Creative
Writing course at a college in Manchester,
(9) I live with my family. I
always tell my students that writing is a career
(10) requires patience, hard work
as well as imagination.
ENGLISH IN USE
An author confesses
career choices
15
• Why are you learning English?
• What do you like most/least about learning English?
1. a. spending six weeks travelling around the world
b. taking classes in the country of your choice
c. hiring native speakers to interact with you
2. a. according to language level
b. according to age group
c. according to age and language level
3. a. He was a high-school English teacher.
b. He owned two language schools.
c. He had a small school and taught English.
4. a. They were for children with special needs.
b. They took place during most working hours.
c. They began after 3pm.
5. a. Japanese
b. German
c. French
6. a. You must be a certified teacher.
b. You must hold a Master’s degree in a language.
c. You must have any sort of college degree.
• In your opinion, what is the best way to learn a foreign
language? Why?
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of one-onone
learning?
• What kind of classroom activities are most effective in
learning a foreign language?
• What can people do to improve their skills in a foreign
language?
Discuss.
listening & speaking
In my opinion, the best way to learn a foreign
language is…
One advantage/disadvantage of one-on-one
learning is…
I think… would be very effective in learning a
foreign language.
Perhaps people can…
Another thing people can try is…
Remember that you hear the programme only once and
that the questions are recorded and not printed.
Read the options quickly before you hear each section of
the programme so that you can predict the questions and
focus on the corresponding parts of the programme.
Listen to each question carefully and make sure that
you choose the option which answers the question
according to what you have heard.
Don’t work on a question when the next question is
being spoken.
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