معلومات عن ايرلندا بالانجليزي

تعبير تقرير برجراف فقرة برزنتيشن بحث موضوع ملخص جاهز باللغة الانجليزي  كتابة انشاء عبارات حكم اقوال تعبير بالانجليزي عن. تقرير جاهز سهل بسيط قطعة معلومات بسيطة مبسط نبذة عن الاقتصاد السكان تعبير عن بلادي اسم كلمة معنى كيف تكتب

information about  معلومات عن جمهورية دولة  تكاليف المعيشه السياحة في

 معلومات عن ايرلندا بالانجليزي جزيرة أيرلندا أيرلندا الشمالية ايرلندا المسافرون العرب

ايرلندا اللجوء irish  معنى جزيرة أيرلندا الوجهات جمهورية أيرلندا  بالأيرلندية Éire  دبلن عاصمة جمهورية أيرلندا لغة أيرلندية  معلومات حول ايرلندا للطلاب

Introduction

Ireland, its official name, is a parliamentary republic. Its tricolor flag, inspired by the French model, is green, white, orange. Green is the traditional color of Ireland. The white symbolizes peace between the two religious communities, Catholic and Protestant. Finally, the orange color commemorates for the Protestants the victory of July 3, 1690 of the King of England William III (from the house of Orange-Nassau) on his Catholic rival James II. There are two official languages: Irish and English, the latter language being used mainly. Ireland is mainly Catholic (88.4% of the population) and Protestants are a very small minority of 3%; Protestants on the island live mostly on the other side of the border, in Northern Ireland, that is, in the United Kingdom.

Demographics stood at 4,582,769 as of January 1, 2012. The HDI, one of the highest in the world (7th in the world in 2013) is 0.916 [1]. A member of the European Union, Ireland adopted the Euro in 2002 to replace the Irish pound.

Ireland is a democracy. Its institutions guarantee public liberties and the separation of powers. The constitution entrusts the executive to the government; the legislature in the government and parliament (called Oireachtas), composed of two chambers: Dáil Éireann (lower house) and Seanad Éireann (senate). The government must receive Dáil Éireann's approval to declare war, or to participate in a war. The treaties are ratified by Dáil Éireann. The government can not act contrary to the constitution and a court of law can compel it to comply with it by a mandate agreement. Finally, ministers who do not respect the constitution may be subject to legal proceedings that can lead to imprisonment. The Constitution can only be amended by referendum. The last referendums focused on abortion, the status of the Roman Catholic Church, divorce and the European Constitution.

Irish political life is animated by several political parties. Two parties predominate:

Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael. Neither of them specifically claims to be left or right, although the Fine Gael can be likened to a center-right party. This party is currently in power in coalition with the country's third party, the Labor Party, center-left. The right is embodied by liberals: the Progressive Democrats.

Thus, Irish political life is multi-party, coalitions are important and independent MPs have a role. This country has stable institutions. It should be noted, however, that the current government has been brought to power following early elections because of the 2008 crisis.

Socio-economic conditions

Nicknamed the "Celtic Tiger" thanks to strong growth between the years 1990 and 2000 (with an uninterrupted growth of at least 8% between 1994 and 2000 [2]), Ireland has become a prosperous country, attracting many investments foreigners, ranking fourth among OECD countries in terms of GDP per capita [3]. The crisis of 2008 was nonetheless particularly harsh. It has increased unemployment, taxes and reintroduces precariousness. Although Ireland remains second in terms of GDP per capita among the countries of the European Union (behind Luxembourg), it has to cope with the crisis; the IMF, the ECB and the European Union are at the bedside. The public deficit must be reduced to less than 3% of GDP; the trade balance remains in surplus and Ireland is growing around 1% in 2013. The economic situation of the island, while not idyllic, is not yet catastrophic. Having not yet arrived at the stage of Greece or Portugal, the Irish socio-economic situation remains worrying. The expected austerity to curb the public deficit, coupled with the rise in unemployment (14%), could lead to social uprisings like what happens in the southern states of the European Union.

With only 0.32 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants, Ireland is one of the safest countries in the world, ranking tenth behind Luxembourg [7]. If the crisis gets worse in Europe, it could affect crime. The terrorist risk, dormant for now, is about tensions between Catholics and Protestants on the other side of the border.

Assessment of economic and financial risks [8]

GDP: € 167.4 billion (2013)

GDP per capita: 35,000 euros

GDP growth rate: + 1.4% (2011), + 0.9% (2012) + 0.9% (2013)

Annual inflation rate: + 1.2% (2011), 1.9% (2012), 1.3% (2013)

Budget balance: - 13.4% of GDP (2011), -7.6% of GDP (2012), -7.5% (2013)

Current balance (as a% of GDP): 1.1 (2011), 5 (2012), 3.1 (2013)

External debt (as% of GDP): 124 (2013), (92 in 2010) [9]

Trade balance: Exports: € 91 billion, Imports: € 48.6 billion, or € 42.4 billion

Exchange rate stability: Euro zone

Conclusion and SWOT

Ireland is a small country still closely linked to the Anglo-Saxon world, but also involved in the construction of Europe. It is distinguished by its neutrality. Active in international forums, his main concern in what is both an external and an internal matter is this unresolved wound, resulting from a secular struggle to free himself from British rule [10], that is the Northern Ireland issue. The island is not yet, if it must be one day, under the authority of one and the same state. But much more hot than this age-old problem, the crisis, which put a sudden stop to the tremendous expansion of the economy of the Celtic tiger, mobilizes all the efforts (austerity) of the country to stop this scourge that puts Europe on its knees . With unemployment at 14%, an external debt that has soared in recent years, bank failures, Ireland must be placed under the protectorate of the troika (IMF, EU, ECB). The government deficit is projected to fall below 3% by 2015. Growth will have been about 1% this year. The trade balance remains largely in surplus. Thus, although hard hit, Ireland is showing encouraging signs and can count on assets, such as attractive taxation for foreign investment. Apple is still in Cork. Dublin, dynamic capital, is the western end of the Blue Banana according to some geographers. The situation is not as alarming as it is now in Greece or Portugal. Crime in Ireland is very low. The level of corruption, if it could be better, is more satisfactory than in France or the United Kingdom.

Finally, the risks are related to the evolution of the crisis in Europe and in the world in the coming years. Greece is currently offering an example of what might happen in Ireland, as in other European countries, if the crisis worsens.