Used to + infinitive

Used to + infinitive
Defining and non-defining relative clauses
• Defining relative clauses provide information which
is essential to the meaning of the sentence. No
commas are used.
Students who cheat should be punished.

The present participle (base form + -ing) is used:
• to replace a time clause (when, while, after, etc. + subject
+ verb).
Looking through the things in my drawer, I came across
some old photographs (= While I was looking...)
• to replace a clause of reason (because, as, since + subject
+ verb).
Feeling extremely tired, I decided to rest under a tree.
(= Because I felt…)
• to replace a relative clause in the Active Voice.
The boy talking to Jim is my cousin. (=...who is talking...)
The past participle is used:
• instead of a subject + verb in the Passive Voice.
Shocked by the tragedy, they didn’t know what to say.
(= They were shocked by the tragedy and didn’t know...)
• to replace a relative clause in the Passive Voice.
Clothes made in France and Italy are very elegant.
(= Clothes which are made...)
• to replace the if-clause in a conditional sentence
containing Passive Voice.
Stored in the fridge, the pudding will keep for up to one
week. (= If it is stored in the fridge...)