can / could / may / will / would
must / have to / need (to)
Read the texts.
Now answer the questions.
1. Who is going to pick up Mike’s brother?
2. Where has Mike gone?
3. Why is Paul going to be late?
4. Are they going to eat together?
Paul ,
I have to go to wor k. Can
you pick up my brother
from karate at 5:30? I made
dinner. It’s in the oven and
you need to turn it of f as
soon as you get home.
Mike
P. S. W ill you feed Gin ger,
please?
Hey, roommate, it’s Paul.
I’m going to be late. There’s
a meeting at work and I
must be there. You needn’t
wait for me for dinner. I’ll
have mine later. Bye!
can/could/may/will/would
rammar
We use Can I...?, Could I...?, May I...?:
• to ask for, give or refuse permission.
Can/Could/May I go to the park, Dad?
Yes, you can/may. N o, you can’t/may not.
• To make polite requests and offer help.
Can/Could/May I have some more tea?
Can/Could/May I get you some coffee?
a
Can, could, may, will, would, must, have to, need (to), etc. are modal verbs and:
• they do not form all the tenses.
• they are the same in all persons, singular and plural (except for need (to) and have to).
• they form the interrogative and the negative without auxiliary verbs (do/did).
• they are followed by the base form of a verb, without to.
We use Can/Could/Will/Would you...?:
• to make polite requests or ask for a favour. Could and Would are more polite.
Can/Could/Will/Would you give me a lift?
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c need (to)
We use need:
• as a main verb in all tenses in the affirmative, interrogative and negative. It is followed by a full
infinitive (or a noun) and forms the interrogative and negative with auxiliary verbs (do/does, did, etc.)
• as a modal verb in the interrogative and negative of the Present Simple only. It is followed by a bare
infinitive and forms the interrogative and negative without auxiliary verbs.
We use need:
• in the affirmative and interrogative to express necessity.
I need to talk to Abdullah.
• in the negative to express absence of necessity.
You don’t need to buy anything.
She needn’t do the washing-up. I’ll do it tomorrow.
I need to go
I don’t need to go
I needn’t go
Do I need to go?
Need I go?
He/She/It needs to go
He/She/It doesn’t need to go
He/She/It needn’t go
Does he/she/it need to go?
Need he/she/it go?
We/You/They need to go
We/You/They don’t need to go
We/You/They needn’t go
Do we/you/they need to go?
Need we/you/they go?
Affirmative Negative Questions
b must/have to
We use must:
• in the affirmative and interrogative to express obligation in the present and future.
I must give Ameer a call. Must we go so soon?
• in the negative to express prohibition.
You mustn’t touch anything in the museum.
We use have to:
• in the affirmative and interrogative to express obligation in the present and future.
You have to wear a uniform. Do you have to work on Thursdays?
• in the negative to express absence of obligation.
He doesn’t have to eat the cake if he doesn’t like it.
NOTE: • Must expresses an obligation that the speaker imposes on himself/herself or others.
Have to expresses an obligation that is imposed by somebody or something else.
• Must and have to form the Past with had to/didn’t have to and the Future with will have
to/won’t have to. The affirmative expresses obligation and the negative absence of
obligation in the past or the future respectively.
Aisha didn’t have to go to school yesterday because she was ill.
You must sleep well tonight because you will have to train hard tomorrow.
• To express prohibition, we can also use can’t.
You can’t use your mobile phone in the hospital.
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B. Complete the dialogues using the words in the box.
ctivities
A. Circle the correct words.
1. Can / May you get me a newspaper when you go out?
2. A: Will / Could I go shopping with my friends, Dad?
B: No, you won’t / can’t. You’ve got lots of homework to
do.
3. A: Please remember that you must / need bring the
car before 2pm.
B: OK. I’ll must / have to leave work earlier.
4. A: Would / May you teach me how to drive?
B: I’m sorry, son, I may not / can’t. You are too young
to drive.
5. A: Could / May I leave a message, please?
B: Sure.
A: Please tell Mr Saud that his car is ready.
6. A: Excuse me, may / would I take this bag with me on
the plane?
B: Of course you would / may, sir.
7. A: Jake, when can I borrow your camera? I really need /
need to it.
B: I must / can give it to you on Monday and you
don’t have to / mustn’t give it back to me for
another week or so.
8. A: Do I need / Need I wash the car today?
B: Yes, the car needs washing.
9. A: Can / Will I give you a lift?
B: Thanks.
would need have to need to can’t could can
1. Hamid has to / needs be back home by midnight.
2. You mustn’t / don’t have to eat if you aren’t hungry.
3. You’ve got all day tomorrow to work on the project. You mustn’t / don’t need to finish it tonight.
4. Fatima must / have to take her medicine.
5. You needn’t / don’t have cook. We’re eating out tonight.
6. We need / must to buy bus tickets.
7. I don’t have school tomorrow so I mustn’t / don’t have to get up early.
8. Thanks a lot for the present, but you had to / didn’t have to buy me anything.
9. You mustn’t / don’t have to run in the museum.
C. Circle the correct words.
1. A: I some help.
you mind helping me?
B: Oh, I’m sorry. I’m too busy. I
finish this project in two hours.
2. A: I drive you home if you like.
B: That’s very kind of you, but I
buy some things from the supermarket.
you drive me there, first?
A: I’m afraid I . I’m in a hurry.
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D. Complete the sentences with the correct form of need.
1. We haven’t got any milk or eggs. We to go to the supermarket today.
2. You hurry. We have lots of time.
3. Charlie go to the meeting tomorrow?
4. You to shout! I can hear you.
5. Dad to use the car today. We can’t take it.
6. Sir, which units of the book we to study?
7. Mahmud to practise a lot. He’s an excellent tennis player!
8. You take the bus. I’ll drive you home.
9. Excuse me, I to return a call.
10. You call back. Mr Roberts is coming in now.
E. Look at the pictures and write sentences using the verbs given and mustn’t or don’t/doesn’t have to, as in the example.
1.
He doesn’t have to pay for a ticket. 2.
5. It’s raining outside.
6.
3.
4. The weather is fine outside.
pay eat
use wear
wash talk
134
F. Complete the dialogue with the correct form of must, can, could or need to.
peaking
A. Talk in pairs. Discuss what you should say in the following situations. Think of as many possible ways you can to
express yourself. Use can/could/may/would/will/must/need/have to.
riting
Write one sentence for each of the situations below. Use the words given
and can/could/may/will/would/need/have to/must.
Can/Could/May I go out, please?
No, you may not.
But I need to, Sir. Please!
OK, then, if you have to...
A: (1) you please turn off your mobiles? You
(2) use them in the museum. And please
remember that you (3) touch anything.
B: (4) I take photos?
A: I’m afraid you (5) , sir. And, you
(6) take that bottle of water inside.
B: But I (7) drink water. It’s very hot.
A: I’m sorry. You (8) enter with the bottle.
B: What? (9) I speak to the director of the
museum, please?
B. Choose a s • You’re in class and you want to go out. Your partner is the teacher. ituation and act it out.
• You’re in a small room with closed windows and it’s very hot.
• You need your parents’ permission to go to a friend’s house.
Your partner is your father.
• You’re in a hospital and someone is talking on his/her mobile phone.
• You’re in a museum and someone is taking photographs.
• You have a terrible toothache.
• You’re at a restaurant and want some salt. Your partner is the waiter.
try on shout doctor supermarket tea
135
Module 1 (1b) can / could / be able to
may / might / could
must / can’t
Read the dialogue.
Now match.
Stan So, Bob, are you coming to the gym?
Bob Sorry! I won’t be able to. I’ve got too much
homework.
Stan Oh. OK, then. Where’s your brother?
Bob Alex? He must be at home.
Stan He can’t be at home. I just called and no one
answered. I can’t find him anywhere. Even his
mobile is turned off.
Bob It’s not turned off. It’s broken. Ring Tony. My brother
might be with him. They usually play computer
games together.
Stan Oh. OK.
can/could/be able to
rammar
a
We use can:
• to express ability in the present.
My father can use a computer.
We use could:
• to express ability in the past.
He could ride a bike when he was young.
NOTE: Be able to expresses ability and forms all tenses. It is mainly used in tenses where we
cannot use can (Future, Present Perfect, etc.).
He’ll be able to come on Friday.
Have you been able to visit your friends?
Bob
Stan
Alex
will go to the gym.
has got a mobile which isn’t working.
can’t go to the gym.
may be with a friend.
is trying to find someone.
136
b may/might/could
We use may, might and could:
• to express possibility in the present or future. Might expresses slight possibility.
We may/might/could go to Taif next year.
NOTE: We use may not/might not to express lack of possibility in the present or future.
Fred may not/might not be able to come with us tonight.
c must/can’t
We use must and can’t:
to express a logical deduction and refer to the present.
• We use must to express a positive logical deduction.
It’s ten o’clock and John is still sleeping. He must be tired.
• We use can’t to express a negative logical deduction.
He can’t be at home. He was at work a few minutes ago.
ctivities
1. Jeff couldn’t / wasn’t able buy the treadmill he liked, because it was
too expensive.
2. When I was younger, I wasn’t able / was able to work until late in the
evening and then go jogging. I can’t / not able to do that any more.
3. Bob will be 17 next month. Then he will be able to / can’t get a driving
licence.
4. Mr Smith can’t / couldn’t speak to you right now. If you call back in half
an hour, he will be able to / could speak to you.
5. I couldn’t / can’t find any fresh strawberries this morning, so I can’t /
will be able to make a strawberry cheesecake.
6. In a few years’ time, some lakes will be so polluted that fish won’t be able to / can’t live in them.
7. Tom can / could wear his jeans now, but he couldn’t / wasn’t able wear them last year because he had put on a
lot of weight.
8. I won’t be able to / wasn’t able to log in because I had forgotten my password.
9. Faisal is working out at the moment, but he will be able to / be able to call you back in about an hour.
10. John could / wasn’t able to speak a word of Arabic when he first went to Riyadh, but now he can / will be able to
speak fluently. You should hear him.
11. My dad couldn’t / wasn’t able use the computer but he’s taking some computer lessons now and, in a few
months, he can / will be able to do everything.
A. Circle the correct words.
137
B. Look at the pictures and the prompts and write sentences expressing possibility using may/might/could.
C. Complete with must or can’t.
1. Harry Where’s Derek? The documentary starts in ten
minutes.
Mike I called him at home but nobody answered
the phone, so he be there. He
be on his way here.
2. Aisha I think the baby is hungry.
Muna He be hungry! I just fed him.
3. Jenny Who’s that woman Ellen is talking to? Her
mother?
Ann She be her mother. She’s too
young. She be her sister.
4. Mark Tom be in the race.
Danny That’s right. He’s still injured.
5. Keith I have just eaten three bowls of popcorn!
Adam You be really thirsty now.
6. Hana Our neighbours’ garden is so beautiful! When
do they find the time to take care of it?
Afaf They have a gardener. They
do all that work by themselves
because they both work long hours.
7. Ted You be quite tired after playing
football all afternoon!
Vince No, not really, I feel fine.
8. Tina Mary be sleeping.
Jane Yeah. It’s almost midnight.
1.
2.
4.
3.
5.
burn / food
crash into / tree
bite / man
not catch / bus
rain
138
peaking
Talk in pairs. Discuss what present you’re going to get for a friend. Use the ideas below.
riting
Look at the pictures below and write one sentence about each of them using can/could/may/might/must/can’t and the
prompts in the box.
• what your friend likes
• what he/she needs most
• how much money you can spend
D. Read the sentences and tick () the correct box.
Ability Possibility Deduction
1. I’m not sure where Saleh is. He could be at the gym.
2. Rob has just left work. He can’t be at home.
3. I could swim for four hours when I was young.
4. I can’t _ind my keys anywhere. Have you seen them?
5. I might travel to Jeddah next week.
6. That girl doesn’t look like Jane. She can’t be her sister.
7. We can’t go to the park tonight. The cup _inal is on!
8. Andy can’t be 50 years old. He looks much younger.
break/window
be/hungry
rain
scuba dive/when/young
not understand/other man 1 2
3 4 5
We can/could buy him/her a(n)...
He/She must...
Well, we can’t spend more than...
He/She may/might like...
139
Module 1 (1c, 1d) Passive Voice (Present Simple - Past Simple)
Read the text.
rammar
Now read the sentences below and write T for True or F for False.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is used to make
intelligent machines and especially intelligent
computer programs.
AI Facts
• In 1637, it was predicted by René Descartes,
a French scientist, that it would not be
possible to have machines that think like
humans do.
• About two centuries later, a test was
presented by the father of AI, Alan Mathison
Turing, known as the ‘Turing Test’. The test
was designed to show that AI exists.
• The idea of AI is found in many popular
books today.
1. In the past, scientists predicted that machines would be able to think like humans.
2. Turing wanted to show that AI is possible.
3. AI is not found in books.
Passive Voice
• The Active Voice shows that the subject of the verb does an action.
People send lots of e-mails to friends.
The Passive Voice:
• is used to emphasise the action rather than who or what is responsible for it.
Lots of e-mails are sent to friends (by people).
Transforming a sentence from Active Voice to Passive Voice:
• the object of the verb in the Active Voice becomes the subject of the verb in the Passive
Voice.
• we use the verb be in the same tense as the verb in the Active Voice.
• we use the past participle of the main verb.
• if we want to show who does the action (agent), we use the preposition by with the subject of
the verb in the Active Voice.
140
ctivities
Subject Verb Object
Subject Verb Agent
Some children discovered a cave.
A cave was discovered by some children.
Active Voice
Passive Voice
NOTE: We usually omit the agent:
• when we don’t know the agent.
Mr Stone was robbed last night.
• when it is easy to figure out who the agent is.
Painting is taught at our school (by the Art teacher).
Present Simple Passive
I a m
H e/She/It i s c alled / given
We/You/They a re
I a m not
He/She/It i sn’t c alled/given
We/You/They a ren’t
Am I
Is h e/she/it c alled/given?
Are w e/you/they
Affirmative Negative Questions
Past Simple Passive
I/He/She/It w as
We/You/They were
called/given
I/He/She/It w asn’t
We/You/They weren’t
called/given
Was I/he/she/it
Were w e/you/they
called/given?
Affirmative Negative Questions
A. Complete the text with the Present Simple Passive of the verbs in brackets.
The main purpose of the Wilmington Bird Sanctuary is to help and protect birds. Each year hundreds of birds
(1) (find) with broken wings or legs and they need help and care. These birds
(2) (bring) to the sanctuary and they (3) (take care of) by experts. All the
birds (4) (keep) in large cages, they (5) (feed) twice a day and their cages
(6) (clean) three times a week.
The sanctuary (7) (visit) by many people every year. They
(8) (show) around and they (9) (inform) about
the different species. Visitors don’t have to buy a ticket to enter the sanctuary, but they
(10) (ask) to give whatever they can. This money (11)
(use) to make the birds’ stay a more pleasant one. However, the birds (12)
(not keep) at the sanctuary longer than necessary. As soon as they are well again, they
(13) (return) to the wild.
a
b
141
B. Look at the pictures and the prompts to write sentences in the Past Simple Active and Passive Voice, as in the example .
C. Rewrite the sentences so that they mean the same as the first one.
1.
2. The school
A summer trip for students
4. Gaudí
Park Güell
3. They
King Fahd’s Fountain
5. The old man
A picture
destroy
1. My grandmother cooked dinner last night.
Dinner my grandmother
last night.
2. People send millions of e-mails every year.
Millions of e-mails every year.
3. Ameer mowed the lawn yesterday.
The lawn Ameer yesterday.
4. A computer controls the traffic lights.
The traffic lights by a computer.
5. Everybody enjoyed the water sports available.
The water sports available
everyone.
6. They sold that old boat a month ago.
That old boat a month ago.
organise
build / in 1983
paint
The fire destroyed the house.
The house was destroyed by the fire.
design / in the 20th century
142
peaking
Imagine that you are a scientist and you have created an intelligent machine. Your partner wants to interview you.
Answer your partner’s questions. Then swap roles. Use the ideas in the box.
riting
Write a short paragraph presenting your new intelligent machine. Use the ideas you discussed with your partner in the
Speaking activity above.
What / machine / call?
What / use for?
When / create?
How much / cost?
D. Circle the correct words.
In the 16th century the Spanish explorer Hernán Cortés (1) travelled / was travelled to South America. There, he
met the Aztecs and he (2) was served / served a drink called ‘xocoatl’ by them. Xocoatl (3) was made / made from
cocoa beans which (4) grow / are grown on cocoa trees. Cortés (5) took / was taken
some beans to Spain. Later, sugar (6) was added / added to the powder and
a tastier drink (7) produced / was produced. Soon, it became
popular all over Europe.
Today everyone (8) loves / is loved chocolate. It (9) is eaten / eats by
millions of people all over the world.
E. Complete the sentences with the Present or the Past Simple Passive of the verbs in the box.
kill w ear n ot call m ake h it i nvent b uild d iscover n ot harm
1. In the 19th century, gold in California.
2. My cat by a car yesterday, but he’s OK.
3. Many animals every year.
4. This thobe in Saudi Arabia.
5. Jeans are very popular. They all over the world.
6. The National Museum of Saudi Arabia in 1999.
7. My aunt Aisha. Her name is Fatima.
8. Who this machine by?
9. Fortunately, my flowers by the snow.
Revision: Module 1
A. Read the sentences and write down what they express: an offer, possibility, request, permission, prohibition, ability,
deduction, obligation, necessity, absence of necessity.
1. You need to make a phone call, but don’t have a mobile. Ask your friend for permission to use his/her mobile.
2. You don’t know how to use a computer well, but you need to download something from the Internet. Ask your
Computer teacher to show you how to do it.
3. You saw Mary walking into the library ten minutes ago. A friend asks you where she is. What do you say?
4. You’re at school, but you’ve left your project at home. You call your father to ask him to bring it to school.
What do you say?
C. Read the situations below and write sentences or questions. Use modal verbs.
1. I will help you decorate your room.
2. This sign says that you mustn’t eat in the museum.
3. John can paint very well. That’s why he became an artist.
4. Aisha may be at home now.
5. Look how fast he runs! He must be an athlete!
6. Could I borrow your dictionary?
7. They don’t have to finish painting the house today.
8. We need to go shopping. There’s nothing in the fridge.
9. If you want to go out, you have to tidy your room.
10. Dad, can I stay at my cousin’s house tonight?
B. Circle the correct words.
1. A: Will / May you turn off the television, please?
B: I can’t / mustn’t. I’m on the phone right now.
2. A: Don’t worry. You mustn’t / don’t have to finish your project today. You can / might finish it tomorrow.
B: I know. But I want to finish it now.
3. A: Hamid must / can’t be at home studying.
B: That’s right. He’s got two exams tomorrow.
4. A: May / Need I tidy my room now? I want to go out and play.
B: Well, you can’t / couldn’t go out until you tidy your room!
143
E. Circle the correct words.
Complete the sentences with the prepositions in the box.
on in up in up in up in for from
1. I’m sorry I can’t wait for you. I’m a hurry.
2. Can you pick Ammar from the airport tonight?
3. My father isn’t very outgoing. the other hand, he’s very active. He works out at least 4 times a week.
4. I couldn’t log last night. There was a problem with my Internet connection.
5. Mark is still angry at me. I called him but he just hung .
6. I’m sure you can take part in that race and get a medal. Just go it!
7. my view, James should start working out more.
8. The money I earned from my summer job came very handy.
9. Can you collect my new mobile the shop?
10. Pick the phone, please. I’m busy.
D. Rewrite the sentences using the Passive Voice.
1. They painted the house last month.
2. Bill cleans the garage on Saturdays.
3. The students in Mr Marple’s class solved the Maths problems.
4. The police caught the robber.
5. Someone takes out the rubbish every day.
6. The security guard arrested the thief.
7. We never throw rubbish on the ground.
8. A famous reporter interviewed the football player.
9. They sold their house to the Adams.
Today, English (1) speaks / is spoken all over the world and has many different forms. The oldest form of English
(2) spoke / was spoken by the Anglo-Saxons about 1500 years ago, but it was very different from the English of
today. If we (3) heard / were heard someone using that form, we wouldn’t understand them. English has changed over
the centuries. Today, many people (4) learn / are learnt English as a second language and it (5) is used / was used in
many international events, such as the Olympic Games.
Use of English
144
145
Module 2 (2a)
Planet Earth Quiz
Do the quiz and _ind out how much you know about the
world around you.
1. Which is the biggest desert in Saudi Arabia?
a. The Ad Dahna b. The An Nafud c. The Rub’ al Khali
2. Which is the longest river in Europe?
a. The Volga b. The Danube c. The Don
3. Which of the following seas is actually a lake?
a. The Black Sea b. The North Sea c. The Caspian Sea
4. In which continent can you find K2, the world’s second highest mountain?
a. In Asia b. In Europe c. In Africa
5. Which group of islands may disappear in 50 years’ time?
a. The Galapagos b. The Maldives c. The Philippines
The article ‘the’
rammar
We use the definite article the: before uncountable nouns and countable nouns, both in the singular
and in the plural.
We use the before:
• something specific or already mentioned.
There is a new armchair in the living room. It's the armchair Ibrahim bought last week.
The T-shirt that Paul is wearing today is very expensive.
• things that are unique.
How many astronauts have walked on the moon?
• names of seas, rivers, oceans, deserts.
the Red Sea the Amazon (River) the Atlantic (Ocean) the Gobi (Desert)
• groups of islands, mountain ranges and countries in the plural.
the Maldives the Rocky Mountains the Netherlands
• nationalities, when we refer to the whole nation.
The Spanish explored America in the 15th century.
• surnames, when we refer to the whole family.
The Browns travelled to Africa last summer.
• names of hotels, restaurants, museums and newspapers.
the Hilton Hotel T he Food Palace t he Louvre T he Times
• the cardinal points.
Asir National Park is in the south of Saudi Arabia.
• adjectives and adverbs in the superlative form.
Abdullah is the best student in the class. Omar runs the fastest of all the students.
The article ‘the’
146
ctivities
A. Complete the blanks with the or —.
Good morning, (1) boys. We hope that you will enjoy our tour of (2) London. On your left you
can see (3) Houses of Parliament and that’s (4) Thames, London’s famous river... We continue our
tour...
This is (5) famous Tower of London... Now, we’re on (6) Great Russell Street. On your right is
(7) British Museum.
Now, about tonight. Remember that we’re having traditional English food for (8) dinner at (9)
restaurant ‘(10) Tasty Fish’. (11) most popular English food is fish and chips. (12) people
love this restaurant. You will love it, too!
We do not use the before:
• uncountable nouns and countable nouns in the plural, when we are talking about something in
general.
Milk is good for children.
• names of people, mountains, islands, lakes, countries, continents and nationalities.
Mark isn't British; he's American.
Mount Everest L ake Michigan S icily S audi Arabia A sia
• names of cities, streets, roads, parks, squares.
Oxford Street, Hyde Park and Trafalgar Square are in London.
• names of subjects, sports, games, colours, magazines and languages (when they are not
followed by the word language).
John likes tennis. H asna is good at History. M y favourite colour is blue.
‘Sportslife’ is a very popular magazine. Faisal speaks Arabic and Italian.
• names of days and months.
My graduation is in August.
• abstract nouns (hope, help, etc.)
George needs help with his homework.
• the words breakfast, lunch, dinner.
Dinner is ready.
• the words home, school, bed, hospital, work, prison, university, when they are used for the
purpose for which they exist.
Nobody is at home in the morning. My parents are at work and I'm at school.
B. Circle the or —.
1. Alex Do you know when the / — Mount Vesuvius erupted?
John No, I don’t. Let’s check on — / the Net.
2. Max Who’s on the / — phone?
Jake — / The Mark. He’s talking to his friend from — / the university.
3. Bob The / — Joneses bought a new house and they’re moving next week.
Tom Are you sure? I thought it was — / the Smiths who were moving house!
4. Pablo What did you do during the summer?
Pedro I went to — / the Greece and saw — / the Acropolis and other interesting sights.
147
5. Mr Rubert Where are — / the children?
Mrs Rubert I sent them to — / the bed because it’s too late. They have to go to — / the school tomorrow.
6. Brad My favourite sport is the / — tennis.
Andy Really? The / — World Tennis Championship is going to be held at Norton Stadium next week. Do you
want to go?
7. Lorenzo Where did — / the Mike go on holiday?
Alex Well, he went to the / — Egypt to see the / — Pyramids and then he went to the / — Sahara Desert! Great, isn’t it?
8. Mario I want to have the / — Italian food for dinner tonight.
Leo OK. Let’s go to the / — Italian restaurant near the river.
peaking
Play a guessing game in pairs or groups. One student says a geographical feature or place and the others have to say
where it is.
riting
Write a paragraph about a country you would very much like to visit. Mention where it is and some of its important
geographical features and sights.
SA: The Maldives.
SB: The Maldives are in the Indian Ocean. My turn now. The Nile.
SA: The Nile is in...
C. Read the text below. Choose a, b or c.
(1) Jean is (2) French. He lives in (3) village in (4) France. (5) village
is near (6) Paris, so he often goes there. (7) Jean lives in (8) yellow house in
(9) centre of (10) village. His house has got (11) living room, (12) two bedrooms,
(13) kitchen and (14) bathroom. There is also (15) big studio, where Jean works. He’s
(16) artist. He paints beautiful pictures. His favourite subject is space.
1. a. A b. The c. —
2. a. the b. — c. a
3. a. the b. a c. —
4. a. — b. the c. a
5. a. A b. — c. The
6. a. a b. the c. —
7. a. The b. — c. A
8. a. a b. the c. an
9. a. — b. a c. the
10. a. a b. the c. —
11. a. the b. a c. an
12. a. a b. the c. —
13. a. — b. a c. the
14. a. the b. — c. a
15. a. a b. the c. —
16. a. the b. a c. an
148
Module 2 (2b, 2c)
Read the text and choose a, b or c.
1. a. fishes b. fishing c. fish
2. a. to be b. being c. be
3. a. preparing b. prepare c. prepares
4. a. to start b. starting c. start
5. a. to cook b. cooking c. cook
6. a. to hear b. hearing c. hear
7. a. to see b. seeing c. see
Nobody knows what happened at Crimson Creek on 29th September. Jack and David Thomas went
(1) at the lake near their house and they promised (2) back before noon because they always
helped their mother (3) lunch. But they hadn’t returned so Mrs Thomas decided (4) without
them. Mrs Thomas was in the kitchen when she heard a strange noise. She stopped (5) and went
outside, but she couldn’t (6) anything. She got scared and ran to the lake (7) if the boys were
in danger. Unfortunately, there was no sign of them. Now it’s up to the police to find out what really happened.
Infinitive
rammar
a
full infinitive: to + base form of verb
to play
There are two types of infinitive:
bare infinitive: base form of verb without to
play
We use the full infinitive:
• to express purpose.
He went to the post office to post a letter.
• after the verbs: want, would like, would love, decide, forget, learn, teach, need, plan,
promise, try, hope, manage, arrange, choose, offer, refuse, expect.
I plan to go to Abha in spring.
• with too and enough.
The soup is too cold to eat.
• after the structure it+be+adjective.
It’s easy to learn Spanish.
• after the adjectives: afraid, surprised, free, happy, ready, sorry.
He was free to go wherever he wanted.
We use the bare infinitive:
• after modal verbs: can, could, will, would, should, may, might, must.
Will you stop laughing? You should taste some Australian food.
• after the verbs let and make.
My mother makes me clean my room twice a week. Let me do it; it’s not difficult.
NOTE: We can use the verb help with a full or a bare infinitive.
I always help my father clean the garage. OR I always help my father to clean the garage.
Infinitive
-ing form
149
ctivities
A. Complete the sentences with the full or bare infinitive of the verbs in the box.
b -ing form
The -ing form (base form of the verb +ing) can be used as a noun.
We use the -ing form:
• as the subject of a verb.
Travelling is great fun.
• after certain verbs such as: like, love, hate, enjoy, prefer, etc.
I hate studying Maths.
• after certain verbs such as: continue, stop, finish, start, begin, etc.
I started taking photography lessons.
• after certain verbs such as: avoid, imagine, keep, practise, suggest, risk, spend (time), etc.
I spent my summer lying under the sun.
• after certain expressions: don’t mind, can’t stand, be interested in, it’s worth, how about,
can’t help, feel like, there’s no point, etc.
I can’t stand waiting for the bus for hours.
• after prepositions.
Are you good at playing tennis?
• after the verb go to indicate activities: go swimming/shopping/fishing, etc.
I’m going shopping this Thursday.
NOTE: • The verbs like, dislike, love, hate, start, begin are followed by a full infinitive or an -ing form
without any significant difference in meaning.
I like taking pictures when I go on holiday. I like to take pictures when I go on holiday.
• The verbs stop and remember are followed either by a full infinitive or an -ing form, but with a
different meaning.
Harry stopped cleaning the garden. (= He is not cleaning the garden any more.)
Harry stopped to clean the garden. (= He stopped what he was doing and started
cleaning the garden.)
I remember giving you the book this morning. (= I gave you the book and I remember that I did so.)
I remembered to give you the book this morning. (= I did not forget to give you the book.)
1. I have decided a new bike.
2. It’s too difficult what he’s saying.
3. Alex was too scared the old house.
4. Bill’s parents don’t let him TV on weekdays.
5. My friends and I are planning camping this weekend.
6. It might tomorrow, so take an umbrella.
7. Our teacher made us three projects in one week.
8. My mother was surprised a present in her bag.
9. Unfortunately we didn’t have enough time the museum.
10. Joe and Kevin have gone to the football ground football.
11. Andy promised here on time, but he’s late again!
12. You really must . You’re late.
do buy play visit understand be watch go find rain approach go
150
B. Rewrite the sentences using the full infinitive.
1. Julie didn’t touch the snake. She was afraid.
Julie was afraid
2. Philip saw John at the museum last night. He was surprised.
Philip was surprised
3. I go to the gym after work. I think it’s relaxing.
I think it’s relaxing
4. Mike is very tired. He can’t visit his friends tonight.
Mike is too tired
5. Tina isn’t very tall. She can’t reach the shelf.
Tina isn’t tall enough
6. Khaled can take the driving test. He is ready.
Khaled is ready
7. Sami went to the library. He wanted to borrow a book.
Sami went to the library
C. Look at the pictures and write sentences. Begin with the words given.
Some day
I’ll be famous. That’s my
dream.
1. John wants
No, Tom, you can’t wear my
Manchester United shirt!
Bill, can you close the
window, please?
I’m bored with this
job. I’m going to find a
new one.
2. Tom’s brother won’t let
3. Mr Evans would like Bill 4. Rick has decided
5. Mark's friends want 6. Mr Jones made
You must finish
your dinner, boys.
Mark, you should invite
Fred to the graduation.
151
D. Complete the sentences with the -ing form of the verbs in the box.
laugh succeed have watch shop visit buy teach look
1. Imagine in everything you do. Wouldn’t it be great?
2. I’m looking forward to my cousins in Saudi Arabia this summer.
3. I really like this painting. I can’t stop at it!
4. a good time is really important.
5. Liz started French three years ago.
6. He couldn’t help when he saw his brother’s funny hat.
7. Jane hates at shopping centres.
8. My grandpa loves documentaries.
9. I’m thinking about a telescope.
E. Complete the blanks in the text by choosing a, b or c.
Are you looking for a wonderful place (1)
your holiday? Then you should (2) the Blue
Sea Hotel. The Blue Sea Hotel is perfect for people who
want (3) or who are just looking forward to
(4) an exciting holiday. You’ll be surprised
(5) how many things you can (6)
there. You can (7) in the sea or in the pool.
Those who enjoy (8) will be able
(9) the gym and the basketball and
tennis courts. Finally, if you are interested in (10)
sightseeing, the hotel organises trips to museums and
to other places of interest. It’s never too early (11) on a summer holiday. Don’t forget (12) your travel
agent for our special prices for May and June.
1. a. spend b. to spend c. spending
2. a. visit b. to visit c. visiting
3. a. relax b. to relax c. relaxing
4. a. have b. to have c. having
5. a. find b. to find c. finding
6. a. do b. to do c. doing
7. a. swim b. to swim c. swimming
8. a. for exercise b. to exercise c. exercising
9. a. use b. to use c. using
10. a. to go b. go c. going
11. a. go b. to go c. going
12. a. ask b. to ask c. asking
B
HOTEL Se
152
peaking
Work in pairs. What is the best way to relax? Use the ideas below and talk about the advantages or disadvantages of each.
riting
In my opinion, the best way to relax is by
hanging out with friends because they
help you…
Yes, but there are some disadvantages.
One is that…
Write a paragraph discussing the advantages and disadvantages of one of the ideas in the box in the Speaking activity.
• Internet
• sleep
• hang out with friends
• cook
• read books
• watch documentaries
F. Complete with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. Yuk! The tomato soup is too salty (eat).
2. My father hates mobiles. It’s extremely difficult for him (use) one.
3. Let me (ask) you a question.
4. I don’t mind (watch) that documentary again. It’s very good.
5. I remember (take) my keys this morning, but I can’t find them now.
6. He keeps (refuse) to give me his phone number.
G. Rewrite the sentences using the words given.
1. My sister always cries when she reads that book. help
2. This shirt is old. I can’t wear it. too
3. Let’s have dinner at a Lebanese restaurant tonight. how about
4. I hate reading science fiction novels. stand
5. There is no way of contacting Ahmed at the moment. impossible
6. Mike didn’t close the door when he left the house. without
Revision: Module 2
A. Read the sentences and complete with the or —.
1. This is most beautiful painting in the gallery.
2. What time are we having lunch? I’m hungry!
3. Faisal went for a walk in Central Park.
4. Have you ever been to Netherlands?
5. Hasna’s favourite colour is green.
6. Ammar hates tennis, but he really loves playing football with his friends.
7. Chinese have got a very interesting history.
8. John has known Smiths for ten years.
9. I live in south of Riyadh.
10. A: Does Andy go to university every day?
B: I don’t think so. He has to go to work three days a week.
B. Circle the correct words.
D e ar Helplin e ,
My best friend Jake refu ses ( 1) a nswer / to answer my c a l l s. I don’t remember (2) d oi ng / to
do a nything th at could make him angry. We are b e st friends, so I expect h i m ( 3) to ta lk / talk in g
to me when there is a pro blem, b ut he doesn’t want (4) sp eak / to speak to me! It isn’t ve ry nice
of him (5) to do / do this! I can’t h elp (6) to won de r / wo ndering wha t I’ve done wrong!
A conf used fr iend
De ar C on fused Fr i e nd ,
I think you should ( 7 ) wri te / t o write an e -mail to your friend to let him (8) know / to kn ow h ow
you feel. Ex plain th at you w ould like (9) to know / kn ow why h e is not sp eaking to you. Tell him that
t here’s no point in ( 10) to avo id / avoiding each o t her an d that you are b oth old en ough (11) to so lve /
so lving your problems in a friendly way. Offe r ( 12) me et / to mee t somewhere to talk e veryth ing over.
153
154
Use of English
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the phrases in the box.
lose one’s way the other way round by the way know one’s way around on one’s way in one’s way
1. Excuse me, sir! You’re and I can’t get off the bus.
2. Ted Oh, there’s been a change of plan. We’re not going to the park.
Peter I don’t believe this! I’m already there. Why didn’t you call me earlier?
3. Jack didn’t pass the ball to Leo. It was .
4. Mark Jack is late! Do you think he ?
Gary I wouldn’t worry about him. He . He’ll be here any minute.
D. Choose a or b.
1. After driving for three hours, they stopped at
a restaurant something to eat.
a. to have b. having
2. How about the National Museum tomorrow
afternoon?
a. visiting b. visit
3. Saud was ready when his friend called and
cancelled their meeting.
a. leaving b. to leave
4. How did you manage your Science project on time?
a. finish b. to finish
C. Rewrite the sentences using the words given.
5. Our teacher taught us each other.
a. respecting b. to respect
6. Aisha is interested in more about the
culture of the Bedouins.
a. learning b. learn
7. Ameen suggested to Abha the following
day.
a. to drive b. driving
8. is a great way to spend a peaceful
afternoon.
a. To read b. Reading
1. Babies always cry when they are hungry. help
Babies
2. This Maths problem is very difficult. I can’t do it. too
This Maths problem
3. I asked Paul to lend me his bike. He said ‘no’. refused
Paul
4. I had to call Mr Henderson but I forgot. remember
I didn’t
5. I asked my father to go to the park. He said ‘yes’. let
My father
6. There’s a possibility that I’ll travel abroad next month. may
I
7. I saw Andy at the stadium. I couldn’t believe it. surprised
I
8. Do you want to go to the beach tomorrow? feel like
Do you
must / have to / need (to)
Read the texts.
Now answer the questions.
1. Who is going to pick up Mike’s brother?
2. Where has Mike gone?
3. Why is Paul going to be late?
4. Are they going to eat together?
Paul ,
I have to go to wor k. Can
you pick up my brother
from karate at 5:30? I made
dinner. It’s in the oven and
you need to turn it of f as
soon as you get home.
Mike
P. S. W ill you feed Gin ger,
please?
Hey, roommate, it’s Paul.
I’m going to be late. There’s
a meeting at work and I
must be there. You needn’t
wait for me for dinner. I’ll
have mine later. Bye!
can/could/may/will/would
rammar
We use Can I...?, Could I...?, May I...?:
• to ask for, give or refuse permission.
Can/Could/May I go to the park, Dad?
Yes, you can/may. N o, you can’t/may not.
• To make polite requests and offer help.
Can/Could/May I have some more tea?
Can/Could/May I get you some coffee?
a
Can, could, may, will, would, must, have to, need (to), etc. are modal verbs and:
• they do not form all the tenses.
• they are the same in all persons, singular and plural (except for need (to) and have to).
• they form the interrogative and the negative without auxiliary verbs (do/did).
• they are followed by the base form of a verb, without to.
We use Can/Could/Will/Would you...?:
• to make polite requests or ask for a favour. Could and Would are more polite.
Can/Could/Will/Would you give me a lift?
131
c need (to)
We use need:
• as a main verb in all tenses in the affirmative, interrogative and negative. It is followed by a full
infinitive (or a noun) and forms the interrogative and negative with auxiliary verbs (do/does, did, etc.)
• as a modal verb in the interrogative and negative of the Present Simple only. It is followed by a bare
infinitive and forms the interrogative and negative without auxiliary verbs.
We use need:
• in the affirmative and interrogative to express necessity.
I need to talk to Abdullah.
• in the negative to express absence of necessity.
You don’t need to buy anything.
She needn’t do the washing-up. I’ll do it tomorrow.
I need to go
I don’t need to go
I needn’t go
Do I need to go?
Need I go?
He/She/It needs to go
He/She/It doesn’t need to go
He/She/It needn’t go
Does he/she/it need to go?
Need he/she/it go?
We/You/They need to go
We/You/They don’t need to go
We/You/They needn’t go
Do we/you/they need to go?
Need we/you/they go?
Affirmative Negative Questions
b must/have to
We use must:
• in the affirmative and interrogative to express obligation in the present and future.
I must give Ameer a call. Must we go so soon?
• in the negative to express prohibition.
You mustn’t touch anything in the museum.
We use have to:
• in the affirmative and interrogative to express obligation in the present and future.
You have to wear a uniform. Do you have to work on Thursdays?
• in the negative to express absence of obligation.
He doesn’t have to eat the cake if he doesn’t like it.
NOTE: • Must expresses an obligation that the speaker imposes on himself/herself or others.
Have to expresses an obligation that is imposed by somebody or something else.
• Must and have to form the Past with had to/didn’t have to and the Future with will have
to/won’t have to. The affirmative expresses obligation and the negative absence of
obligation in the past or the future respectively.
Aisha didn’t have to go to school yesterday because she was ill.
You must sleep well tonight because you will have to train hard tomorrow.
• To express prohibition, we can also use can’t.
You can’t use your mobile phone in the hospital.
132
B. Complete the dialogues using the words in the box.
ctivities
A. Circle the correct words.
1. Can / May you get me a newspaper when you go out?
2. A: Will / Could I go shopping with my friends, Dad?
B: No, you won’t / can’t. You’ve got lots of homework to
do.
3. A: Please remember that you must / need bring the
car before 2pm.
B: OK. I’ll must / have to leave work earlier.
4. A: Would / May you teach me how to drive?
B: I’m sorry, son, I may not / can’t. You are too young
to drive.
5. A: Could / May I leave a message, please?
B: Sure.
A: Please tell Mr Saud that his car is ready.
6. A: Excuse me, may / would I take this bag with me on
the plane?
B: Of course you would / may, sir.
7. A: Jake, when can I borrow your camera? I really need /
need to it.
B: I must / can give it to you on Monday and you
don’t have to / mustn’t give it back to me for
another week or so.
8. A: Do I need / Need I wash the car today?
B: Yes, the car needs washing.
9. A: Can / Will I give you a lift?
B: Thanks.
would need have to need to can’t could can
1. Hamid has to / needs be back home by midnight.
2. You mustn’t / don’t have to eat if you aren’t hungry.
3. You’ve got all day tomorrow to work on the project. You mustn’t / don’t need to finish it tonight.
4. Fatima must / have to take her medicine.
5. You needn’t / don’t have cook. We’re eating out tonight.
6. We need / must to buy bus tickets.
7. I don’t have school tomorrow so I mustn’t / don’t have to get up early.
8. Thanks a lot for the present, but you had to / didn’t have to buy me anything.
9. You mustn’t / don’t have to run in the museum.
C. Circle the correct words.
1. A: I some help.
you mind helping me?
B: Oh, I’m sorry. I’m too busy. I
finish this project in two hours.
2. A: I drive you home if you like.
B: That’s very kind of you, but I
buy some things from the supermarket.
you drive me there, first?
A: I’m afraid I . I’m in a hurry.
133
D. Complete the sentences with the correct form of need.
1. We haven’t got any milk or eggs. We to go to the supermarket today.
2. You hurry. We have lots of time.
3. Charlie go to the meeting tomorrow?
4. You to shout! I can hear you.
5. Dad to use the car today. We can’t take it.
6. Sir, which units of the book we to study?
7. Mahmud to practise a lot. He’s an excellent tennis player!
8. You take the bus. I’ll drive you home.
9. Excuse me, I to return a call.
10. You call back. Mr Roberts is coming in now.
E. Look at the pictures and write sentences using the verbs given and mustn’t or don’t/doesn’t have to, as in the example.
1.
He doesn’t have to pay for a ticket. 2.
5. It’s raining outside.
6.
3.
4. The weather is fine outside.
pay eat
use wear
wash talk
134
F. Complete the dialogue with the correct form of must, can, could or need to.
peaking
A. Talk in pairs. Discuss what you should say in the following situations. Think of as many possible ways you can to
express yourself. Use can/could/may/would/will/must/need/have to.
riting
Write one sentence for each of the situations below. Use the words given
and can/could/may/will/would/need/have to/must.
Can/Could/May I go out, please?
No, you may not.
But I need to, Sir. Please!
OK, then, if you have to...
A: (1) you please turn off your mobiles? You
(2) use them in the museum. And please
remember that you (3) touch anything.
B: (4) I take photos?
A: I’m afraid you (5) , sir. And, you
(6) take that bottle of water inside.
B: But I (7) drink water. It’s very hot.
A: I’m sorry. You (8) enter with the bottle.
B: What? (9) I speak to the director of the
museum, please?
B. Choose a s • You’re in class and you want to go out. Your partner is the teacher. ituation and act it out.
• You’re in a small room with closed windows and it’s very hot.
• You need your parents’ permission to go to a friend’s house.
Your partner is your father.
• You’re in a hospital and someone is talking on his/her mobile phone.
• You’re in a museum and someone is taking photographs.
• You have a terrible toothache.
• You’re at a restaurant and want some salt. Your partner is the waiter.
try on shout doctor supermarket tea
135
Module 1 (1b) can / could / be able to
may / might / could
must / can’t
Read the dialogue.
Now match.
Stan So, Bob, are you coming to the gym?
Bob Sorry! I won’t be able to. I’ve got too much
homework.
Stan Oh. OK, then. Where’s your brother?
Bob Alex? He must be at home.
Stan He can’t be at home. I just called and no one
answered. I can’t find him anywhere. Even his
mobile is turned off.
Bob It’s not turned off. It’s broken. Ring Tony. My brother
might be with him. They usually play computer
games together.
Stan Oh. OK.
can/could/be able to
rammar
a
We use can:
• to express ability in the present.
My father can use a computer.
We use could:
• to express ability in the past.
He could ride a bike when he was young.
NOTE: Be able to expresses ability and forms all tenses. It is mainly used in tenses where we
cannot use can (Future, Present Perfect, etc.).
He’ll be able to come on Friday.
Have you been able to visit your friends?
Bob
Stan
Alex
will go to the gym.
has got a mobile which isn’t working.
can’t go to the gym.
may be with a friend.
is trying to find someone.
136
b may/might/could
We use may, might and could:
• to express possibility in the present or future. Might expresses slight possibility.
We may/might/could go to Taif next year.
NOTE: We use may not/might not to express lack of possibility in the present or future.
Fred may not/might not be able to come with us tonight.
c must/can’t
We use must and can’t:
to express a logical deduction and refer to the present.
• We use must to express a positive logical deduction.
It’s ten o’clock and John is still sleeping. He must be tired.
• We use can’t to express a negative logical deduction.
He can’t be at home. He was at work a few minutes ago.
ctivities
1. Jeff couldn’t / wasn’t able buy the treadmill he liked, because it was
too expensive.
2. When I was younger, I wasn’t able / was able to work until late in the
evening and then go jogging. I can’t / not able to do that any more.
3. Bob will be 17 next month. Then he will be able to / can’t get a driving
licence.
4. Mr Smith can’t / couldn’t speak to you right now. If you call back in half
an hour, he will be able to / could speak to you.
5. I couldn’t / can’t find any fresh strawberries this morning, so I can’t /
will be able to make a strawberry cheesecake.
6. In a few years’ time, some lakes will be so polluted that fish won’t be able to / can’t live in them.
7. Tom can / could wear his jeans now, but he couldn’t / wasn’t able wear them last year because he had put on a
lot of weight.
8. I won’t be able to / wasn’t able to log in because I had forgotten my password.
9. Faisal is working out at the moment, but he will be able to / be able to call you back in about an hour.
10. John could / wasn’t able to speak a word of Arabic when he first went to Riyadh, but now he can / will be able to
speak fluently. You should hear him.
11. My dad couldn’t / wasn’t able use the computer but he’s taking some computer lessons now and, in a few
months, he can / will be able to do everything.
A. Circle the correct words.
137
B. Look at the pictures and the prompts and write sentences expressing possibility using may/might/could.
C. Complete with must or can’t.
1. Harry Where’s Derek? The documentary starts in ten
minutes.
Mike I called him at home but nobody answered
the phone, so he be there. He
be on his way here.
2. Aisha I think the baby is hungry.
Muna He be hungry! I just fed him.
3. Jenny Who’s that woman Ellen is talking to? Her
mother?
Ann She be her mother. She’s too
young. She be her sister.
4. Mark Tom be in the race.
Danny That’s right. He’s still injured.
5. Keith I have just eaten three bowls of popcorn!
Adam You be really thirsty now.
6. Hana Our neighbours’ garden is so beautiful! When
do they find the time to take care of it?
Afaf They have a gardener. They
do all that work by themselves
because they both work long hours.
7. Ted You be quite tired after playing
football all afternoon!
Vince No, not really, I feel fine.
8. Tina Mary be sleeping.
Jane Yeah. It’s almost midnight.
1.
2.
4.
3.
5.
burn / food
crash into / tree
bite / man
not catch / bus
rain
138
peaking
Talk in pairs. Discuss what present you’re going to get for a friend. Use the ideas below.
riting
Look at the pictures below and write one sentence about each of them using can/could/may/might/must/can’t and the
prompts in the box.
• what your friend likes
• what he/she needs most
• how much money you can spend
D. Read the sentences and tick () the correct box.
Ability Possibility Deduction
1. I’m not sure where Saleh is. He could be at the gym.
2. Rob has just left work. He can’t be at home.
3. I could swim for four hours when I was young.
4. I can’t _ind my keys anywhere. Have you seen them?
5. I might travel to Jeddah next week.
6. That girl doesn’t look like Jane. She can’t be her sister.
7. We can’t go to the park tonight. The cup _inal is on!
8. Andy can’t be 50 years old. He looks much younger.
break/window
be/hungry
rain
scuba dive/when/young
not understand/other man 1 2
3 4 5
We can/could buy him/her a(n)...
He/She must...
Well, we can’t spend more than...
He/She may/might like...
139
Module 1 (1c, 1d) Passive Voice (Present Simple - Past Simple)
Read the text.
rammar
Now read the sentences below and write T for True or F for False.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is used to make
intelligent machines and especially intelligent
computer programs.
AI Facts
• In 1637, it was predicted by René Descartes,
a French scientist, that it would not be
possible to have machines that think like
humans do.
• About two centuries later, a test was
presented by the father of AI, Alan Mathison
Turing, known as the ‘Turing Test’. The test
was designed to show that AI exists.
• The idea of AI is found in many popular
books today.
1. In the past, scientists predicted that machines would be able to think like humans.
2. Turing wanted to show that AI is possible.
3. AI is not found in books.
Passive Voice
• The Active Voice shows that the subject of the verb does an action.
People send lots of e-mails to friends.
The Passive Voice:
• is used to emphasise the action rather than who or what is responsible for it.
Lots of e-mails are sent to friends (by people).
Transforming a sentence from Active Voice to Passive Voice:
• the object of the verb in the Active Voice becomes the subject of the verb in the Passive
Voice.
• we use the verb be in the same tense as the verb in the Active Voice.
• we use the past participle of the main verb.
• if we want to show who does the action (agent), we use the preposition by with the subject of
the verb in the Active Voice.
140
ctivities
Subject Verb Object
Subject Verb Agent
Some children discovered a cave.
A cave was discovered by some children.
Active Voice
Passive Voice
NOTE: We usually omit the agent:
• when we don’t know the agent.
Mr Stone was robbed last night.
• when it is easy to figure out who the agent is.
Painting is taught at our school (by the Art teacher).
Present Simple Passive
I a m
H e/She/It i s c alled / given
We/You/They a re
I a m not
He/She/It i sn’t c alled/given
We/You/They a ren’t
Am I
Is h e/she/it c alled/given?
Are w e/you/they
Affirmative Negative Questions
Past Simple Passive
I/He/She/It w as
We/You/They were
called/given
I/He/She/It w asn’t
We/You/They weren’t
called/given
Was I/he/she/it
Were w e/you/they
called/given?
Affirmative Negative Questions
A. Complete the text with the Present Simple Passive of the verbs in brackets.
The main purpose of the Wilmington Bird Sanctuary is to help and protect birds. Each year hundreds of birds
(1) (find) with broken wings or legs and they need help and care. These birds
(2) (bring) to the sanctuary and they (3) (take care of) by experts. All the
birds (4) (keep) in large cages, they (5) (feed) twice a day and their cages
(6) (clean) three times a week.
The sanctuary (7) (visit) by many people every year. They
(8) (show) around and they (9) (inform) about
the different species. Visitors don’t have to buy a ticket to enter the sanctuary, but they
(10) (ask) to give whatever they can. This money (11)
(use) to make the birds’ stay a more pleasant one. However, the birds (12)
(not keep) at the sanctuary longer than necessary. As soon as they are well again, they
(13) (return) to the wild.
a
b
141
B. Look at the pictures and the prompts to write sentences in the Past Simple Active and Passive Voice, as in the example .
C. Rewrite the sentences so that they mean the same as the first one.
1.
2. The school
A summer trip for students
4. Gaudí
Park Güell
3. They
King Fahd’s Fountain
5. The old man
A picture
destroy
1. My grandmother cooked dinner last night.
Dinner my grandmother
last night.
2. People send millions of e-mails every year.
Millions of e-mails every year.
3. Ameer mowed the lawn yesterday.
The lawn Ameer yesterday.
4. A computer controls the traffic lights.
The traffic lights by a computer.
5. Everybody enjoyed the water sports available.
The water sports available
everyone.
6. They sold that old boat a month ago.
That old boat a month ago.
organise
build / in 1983
paint
The fire destroyed the house.
The house was destroyed by the fire.
design / in the 20th century
142
peaking
Imagine that you are a scientist and you have created an intelligent machine. Your partner wants to interview you.
Answer your partner’s questions. Then swap roles. Use the ideas in the box.
riting
Write a short paragraph presenting your new intelligent machine. Use the ideas you discussed with your partner in the
Speaking activity above.
What / machine / call?
What / use for?
When / create?
How much / cost?
D. Circle the correct words.
In the 16th century the Spanish explorer Hernán Cortés (1) travelled / was travelled to South America. There, he
met the Aztecs and he (2) was served / served a drink called ‘xocoatl’ by them. Xocoatl (3) was made / made from
cocoa beans which (4) grow / are grown on cocoa trees. Cortés (5) took / was taken
some beans to Spain. Later, sugar (6) was added / added to the powder and
a tastier drink (7) produced / was produced. Soon, it became
popular all over Europe.
Today everyone (8) loves / is loved chocolate. It (9) is eaten / eats by
millions of people all over the world.
E. Complete the sentences with the Present or the Past Simple Passive of the verbs in the box.
kill w ear n ot call m ake h it i nvent b uild d iscover n ot harm
1. In the 19th century, gold in California.
2. My cat by a car yesterday, but he’s OK.
3. Many animals every year.
4. This thobe in Saudi Arabia.
5. Jeans are very popular. They all over the world.
6. The National Museum of Saudi Arabia in 1999.
7. My aunt Aisha. Her name is Fatima.
8. Who this machine by?
9. Fortunately, my flowers by the snow.
Revision: Module 1
A. Read the sentences and write down what they express: an offer, possibility, request, permission, prohibition, ability,
deduction, obligation, necessity, absence of necessity.
1. You need to make a phone call, but don’t have a mobile. Ask your friend for permission to use his/her mobile.
2. You don’t know how to use a computer well, but you need to download something from the Internet. Ask your
Computer teacher to show you how to do it.
3. You saw Mary walking into the library ten minutes ago. A friend asks you where she is. What do you say?
4. You’re at school, but you’ve left your project at home. You call your father to ask him to bring it to school.
What do you say?
C. Read the situations below and write sentences or questions. Use modal verbs.
1. I will help you decorate your room.
2. This sign says that you mustn’t eat in the museum.
3. John can paint very well. That’s why he became an artist.
4. Aisha may be at home now.
5. Look how fast he runs! He must be an athlete!
6. Could I borrow your dictionary?
7. They don’t have to finish painting the house today.
8. We need to go shopping. There’s nothing in the fridge.
9. If you want to go out, you have to tidy your room.
10. Dad, can I stay at my cousin’s house tonight?
B. Circle the correct words.
1. A: Will / May you turn off the television, please?
B: I can’t / mustn’t. I’m on the phone right now.
2. A: Don’t worry. You mustn’t / don’t have to finish your project today. You can / might finish it tomorrow.
B: I know. But I want to finish it now.
3. A: Hamid must / can’t be at home studying.
B: That’s right. He’s got two exams tomorrow.
4. A: May / Need I tidy my room now? I want to go out and play.
B: Well, you can’t / couldn’t go out until you tidy your room!
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E. Circle the correct words.
Complete the sentences with the prepositions in the box.
on in up in up in up in for from
1. I’m sorry I can’t wait for you. I’m a hurry.
2. Can you pick Ammar from the airport tonight?
3. My father isn’t very outgoing. the other hand, he’s very active. He works out at least 4 times a week.
4. I couldn’t log last night. There was a problem with my Internet connection.
5. Mark is still angry at me. I called him but he just hung .
6. I’m sure you can take part in that race and get a medal. Just go it!
7. my view, James should start working out more.
8. The money I earned from my summer job came very handy.
9. Can you collect my new mobile the shop?
10. Pick the phone, please. I’m busy.
D. Rewrite the sentences using the Passive Voice.
1. They painted the house last month.
2. Bill cleans the garage on Saturdays.
3. The students in Mr Marple’s class solved the Maths problems.
4. The police caught the robber.
5. Someone takes out the rubbish every day.
6. The security guard arrested the thief.
7. We never throw rubbish on the ground.
8. A famous reporter interviewed the football player.
9. They sold their house to the Adams.
Today, English (1) speaks / is spoken all over the world and has many different forms. The oldest form of English
(2) spoke / was spoken by the Anglo-Saxons about 1500 years ago, but it was very different from the English of
today. If we (3) heard / were heard someone using that form, we wouldn’t understand them. English has changed over
the centuries. Today, many people (4) learn / are learnt English as a second language and it (5) is used / was used in
many international events, such as the Olympic Games.
Use of English
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145
Module 2 (2a)
Planet Earth Quiz
Do the quiz and _ind out how much you know about the
world around you.
1. Which is the biggest desert in Saudi Arabia?
a. The Ad Dahna b. The An Nafud c. The Rub’ al Khali
2. Which is the longest river in Europe?
a. The Volga b. The Danube c. The Don
3. Which of the following seas is actually a lake?
a. The Black Sea b. The North Sea c. The Caspian Sea
4. In which continent can you find K2, the world’s second highest mountain?
a. In Asia b. In Europe c. In Africa
5. Which group of islands may disappear in 50 years’ time?
a. The Galapagos b. The Maldives c. The Philippines
The article ‘the’
rammar
We use the definite article the: before uncountable nouns and countable nouns, both in the singular
and in the plural.
We use the before:
• something specific or already mentioned.
There is a new armchair in the living room. It's the armchair Ibrahim bought last week.
The T-shirt that Paul is wearing today is very expensive.
• things that are unique.
How many astronauts have walked on the moon?
• names of seas, rivers, oceans, deserts.
the Red Sea the Amazon (River) the Atlantic (Ocean) the Gobi (Desert)
• groups of islands, mountain ranges and countries in the plural.
the Maldives the Rocky Mountains the Netherlands
• nationalities, when we refer to the whole nation.
The Spanish explored America in the 15th century.
• surnames, when we refer to the whole family.
The Browns travelled to Africa last summer.
• names of hotels, restaurants, museums and newspapers.
the Hilton Hotel T he Food Palace t he Louvre T he Times
• the cardinal points.
Asir National Park is in the south of Saudi Arabia.
• adjectives and adverbs in the superlative form.
Abdullah is the best student in the class. Omar runs the fastest of all the students.
The article ‘the’
146
ctivities
A. Complete the blanks with the or —.
Good morning, (1) boys. We hope that you will enjoy our tour of (2) London. On your left you
can see (3) Houses of Parliament and that’s (4) Thames, London’s famous river... We continue our
tour...
This is (5) famous Tower of London... Now, we’re on (6) Great Russell Street. On your right is
(7) British Museum.
Now, about tonight. Remember that we’re having traditional English food for (8) dinner at (9)
restaurant ‘(10) Tasty Fish’. (11) most popular English food is fish and chips. (12) people
love this restaurant. You will love it, too!
We do not use the before:
• uncountable nouns and countable nouns in the plural, when we are talking about something in
general.
Milk is good for children.
• names of people, mountains, islands, lakes, countries, continents and nationalities.
Mark isn't British; he's American.
Mount Everest L ake Michigan S icily S audi Arabia A sia
• names of cities, streets, roads, parks, squares.
Oxford Street, Hyde Park and Trafalgar Square are in London.
• names of subjects, sports, games, colours, magazines and languages (when they are not
followed by the word language).
John likes tennis. H asna is good at History. M y favourite colour is blue.
‘Sportslife’ is a very popular magazine. Faisal speaks Arabic and Italian.
• names of days and months.
My graduation is in August.
• abstract nouns (hope, help, etc.)
George needs help with his homework.
• the words breakfast, lunch, dinner.
Dinner is ready.
• the words home, school, bed, hospital, work, prison, university, when they are used for the
purpose for which they exist.
Nobody is at home in the morning. My parents are at work and I'm at school.
B. Circle the or —.
1. Alex Do you know when the / — Mount Vesuvius erupted?
John No, I don’t. Let’s check on — / the Net.
2. Max Who’s on the / — phone?
Jake — / The Mark. He’s talking to his friend from — / the university.
3. Bob The / — Joneses bought a new house and they’re moving next week.
Tom Are you sure? I thought it was — / the Smiths who were moving house!
4. Pablo What did you do during the summer?
Pedro I went to — / the Greece and saw — / the Acropolis and other interesting sights.
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5. Mr Rubert Where are — / the children?
Mrs Rubert I sent them to — / the bed because it’s too late. They have to go to — / the school tomorrow.
6. Brad My favourite sport is the / — tennis.
Andy Really? The / — World Tennis Championship is going to be held at Norton Stadium next week. Do you
want to go?
7. Lorenzo Where did — / the Mike go on holiday?
Alex Well, he went to the / — Egypt to see the / — Pyramids and then he went to the / — Sahara Desert! Great, isn’t it?
8. Mario I want to have the / — Italian food for dinner tonight.
Leo OK. Let’s go to the / — Italian restaurant near the river.
peaking
Play a guessing game in pairs or groups. One student says a geographical feature or place and the others have to say
where it is.
riting
Write a paragraph about a country you would very much like to visit. Mention where it is and some of its important
geographical features and sights.
SA: The Maldives.
SB: The Maldives are in the Indian Ocean. My turn now. The Nile.
SA: The Nile is in...
C. Read the text below. Choose a, b or c.
(1) Jean is (2) French. He lives in (3) village in (4) France. (5) village
is near (6) Paris, so he often goes there. (7) Jean lives in (8) yellow house in
(9) centre of (10) village. His house has got (11) living room, (12) two bedrooms,
(13) kitchen and (14) bathroom. There is also (15) big studio, where Jean works. He’s
(16) artist. He paints beautiful pictures. His favourite subject is space.
1. a. A b. The c. —
2. a. the b. — c. a
3. a. the b. a c. —
4. a. — b. the c. a
5. a. A b. — c. The
6. a. a b. the c. —
7. a. The b. — c. A
8. a. a b. the c. an
9. a. — b. a c. the
10. a. a b. the c. —
11. a. the b. a c. an
12. a. a b. the c. —
13. a. — b. a c. the
14. a. the b. — c. a
15. a. a b. the c. —
16. a. the b. a c. an
148
Module 2 (2b, 2c)
Read the text and choose a, b or c.
1. a. fishes b. fishing c. fish
2. a. to be b. being c. be
3. a. preparing b. prepare c. prepares
4. a. to start b. starting c. start
5. a. to cook b. cooking c. cook
6. a. to hear b. hearing c. hear
7. a. to see b. seeing c. see
Nobody knows what happened at Crimson Creek on 29th September. Jack and David Thomas went
(1) at the lake near their house and they promised (2) back before noon because they always
helped their mother (3) lunch. But they hadn’t returned so Mrs Thomas decided (4) without
them. Mrs Thomas was in the kitchen when she heard a strange noise. She stopped (5) and went
outside, but she couldn’t (6) anything. She got scared and ran to the lake (7) if the boys were
in danger. Unfortunately, there was no sign of them. Now it’s up to the police to find out what really happened.
Infinitive
rammar
a
full infinitive: to + base form of verb
to play
There are two types of infinitive:
bare infinitive: base form of verb without to
play
We use the full infinitive:
• to express purpose.
He went to the post office to post a letter.
• after the verbs: want, would like, would love, decide, forget, learn, teach, need, plan,
promise, try, hope, manage, arrange, choose, offer, refuse, expect.
I plan to go to Abha in spring.
• with too and enough.
The soup is too cold to eat.
• after the structure it+be+adjective.
It’s easy to learn Spanish.
• after the adjectives: afraid, surprised, free, happy, ready, sorry.
He was free to go wherever he wanted.
We use the bare infinitive:
• after modal verbs: can, could, will, would, should, may, might, must.
Will you stop laughing? You should taste some Australian food.
• after the verbs let and make.
My mother makes me clean my room twice a week. Let me do it; it’s not difficult.
NOTE: We can use the verb help with a full or a bare infinitive.
I always help my father clean the garage. OR I always help my father to clean the garage.
Infinitive
-ing form
149
ctivities
A. Complete the sentences with the full or bare infinitive of the verbs in the box.
b -ing form
The -ing form (base form of the verb +ing) can be used as a noun.
We use the -ing form:
• as the subject of a verb.
Travelling is great fun.
• after certain verbs such as: like, love, hate, enjoy, prefer, etc.
I hate studying Maths.
• after certain verbs such as: continue, stop, finish, start, begin, etc.
I started taking photography lessons.
• after certain verbs such as: avoid, imagine, keep, practise, suggest, risk, spend (time), etc.
I spent my summer lying under the sun.
• after certain expressions: don’t mind, can’t stand, be interested in, it’s worth, how about,
can’t help, feel like, there’s no point, etc.
I can’t stand waiting for the bus for hours.
• after prepositions.
Are you good at playing tennis?
• after the verb go to indicate activities: go swimming/shopping/fishing, etc.
I’m going shopping this Thursday.
NOTE: • The verbs like, dislike, love, hate, start, begin are followed by a full infinitive or an -ing form
without any significant difference in meaning.
I like taking pictures when I go on holiday. I like to take pictures when I go on holiday.
• The verbs stop and remember are followed either by a full infinitive or an -ing form, but with a
different meaning.
Harry stopped cleaning the garden. (= He is not cleaning the garden any more.)
Harry stopped to clean the garden. (= He stopped what he was doing and started
cleaning the garden.)
I remember giving you the book this morning. (= I gave you the book and I remember that I did so.)
I remembered to give you the book this morning. (= I did not forget to give you the book.)
1. I have decided a new bike.
2. It’s too difficult what he’s saying.
3. Alex was too scared the old house.
4. Bill’s parents don’t let him TV on weekdays.
5. My friends and I are planning camping this weekend.
6. It might tomorrow, so take an umbrella.
7. Our teacher made us three projects in one week.
8. My mother was surprised a present in her bag.
9. Unfortunately we didn’t have enough time the museum.
10. Joe and Kevin have gone to the football ground football.
11. Andy promised here on time, but he’s late again!
12. You really must . You’re late.
do buy play visit understand be watch go find rain approach go
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B. Rewrite the sentences using the full infinitive.
1. Julie didn’t touch the snake. She was afraid.
Julie was afraid
2. Philip saw John at the museum last night. He was surprised.
Philip was surprised
3. I go to the gym after work. I think it’s relaxing.
I think it’s relaxing
4. Mike is very tired. He can’t visit his friends tonight.
Mike is too tired
5. Tina isn’t very tall. She can’t reach the shelf.
Tina isn’t tall enough
6. Khaled can take the driving test. He is ready.
Khaled is ready
7. Sami went to the library. He wanted to borrow a book.
Sami went to the library
C. Look at the pictures and write sentences. Begin with the words given.
Some day
I’ll be famous. That’s my
dream.
1. John wants
No, Tom, you can’t wear my
Manchester United shirt!
Bill, can you close the
window, please?
I’m bored with this
job. I’m going to find a
new one.
2. Tom’s brother won’t let
3. Mr Evans would like Bill 4. Rick has decided
5. Mark's friends want 6. Mr Jones made
You must finish
your dinner, boys.
Mark, you should invite
Fred to the graduation.
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D. Complete the sentences with the -ing form of the verbs in the box.
laugh succeed have watch shop visit buy teach look
1. Imagine in everything you do. Wouldn’t it be great?
2. I’m looking forward to my cousins in Saudi Arabia this summer.
3. I really like this painting. I can’t stop at it!
4. a good time is really important.
5. Liz started French three years ago.
6. He couldn’t help when he saw his brother’s funny hat.
7. Jane hates at shopping centres.
8. My grandpa loves documentaries.
9. I’m thinking about a telescope.
E. Complete the blanks in the text by choosing a, b or c.
Are you looking for a wonderful place (1)
your holiday? Then you should (2) the Blue
Sea Hotel. The Blue Sea Hotel is perfect for people who
want (3) or who are just looking forward to
(4) an exciting holiday. You’ll be surprised
(5) how many things you can (6)
there. You can (7) in the sea or in the pool.
Those who enjoy (8) will be able
(9) the gym and the basketball and
tennis courts. Finally, if you are interested in (10)
sightseeing, the hotel organises trips to museums and
to other places of interest. It’s never too early (11) on a summer holiday. Don’t forget (12) your travel
agent for our special prices for May and June.
1. a. spend b. to spend c. spending
2. a. visit b. to visit c. visiting
3. a. relax b. to relax c. relaxing
4. a. have b. to have c. having
5. a. find b. to find c. finding
6. a. do b. to do c. doing
7. a. swim b. to swim c. swimming
8. a. for exercise b. to exercise c. exercising
9. a. use b. to use c. using
10. a. to go b. go c. going
11. a. go b. to go c. going
12. a. ask b. to ask c. asking
B
HOTEL Se
152
peaking
Work in pairs. What is the best way to relax? Use the ideas below and talk about the advantages or disadvantages of each.
riting
In my opinion, the best way to relax is by
hanging out with friends because they
help you…
Yes, but there are some disadvantages.
One is that…
Write a paragraph discussing the advantages and disadvantages of one of the ideas in the box in the Speaking activity.
• Internet
• sleep
• hang out with friends
• cook
• read books
• watch documentaries
F. Complete with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. Yuk! The tomato soup is too salty (eat).
2. My father hates mobiles. It’s extremely difficult for him (use) one.
3. Let me (ask) you a question.
4. I don’t mind (watch) that documentary again. It’s very good.
5. I remember (take) my keys this morning, but I can’t find them now.
6. He keeps (refuse) to give me his phone number.
G. Rewrite the sentences using the words given.
1. My sister always cries when she reads that book. help
2. This shirt is old. I can’t wear it. too
3. Let’s have dinner at a Lebanese restaurant tonight. how about
4. I hate reading science fiction novels. stand
5. There is no way of contacting Ahmed at the moment. impossible
6. Mike didn’t close the door when he left the house. without
Revision: Module 2
A. Read the sentences and complete with the or —.
1. This is most beautiful painting in the gallery.
2. What time are we having lunch? I’m hungry!
3. Faisal went for a walk in Central Park.
4. Have you ever been to Netherlands?
5. Hasna’s favourite colour is green.
6. Ammar hates tennis, but he really loves playing football with his friends.
7. Chinese have got a very interesting history.
8. John has known Smiths for ten years.
9. I live in south of Riyadh.
10. A: Does Andy go to university every day?
B: I don’t think so. He has to go to work three days a week.
B. Circle the correct words.
D e ar Helplin e ,
My best friend Jake refu ses ( 1) a nswer / to answer my c a l l s. I don’t remember (2) d oi ng / to
do a nything th at could make him angry. We are b e st friends, so I expect h i m ( 3) to ta lk / talk in g
to me when there is a pro blem, b ut he doesn’t want (4) sp eak / to speak to me! It isn’t ve ry nice
of him (5) to do / do this! I can’t h elp (6) to won de r / wo ndering wha t I’ve done wrong!
A conf used fr iend
De ar C on fused Fr i e nd ,
I think you should ( 7 ) wri te / t o write an e -mail to your friend to let him (8) know / to kn ow h ow
you feel. Ex plain th at you w ould like (9) to know / kn ow why h e is not sp eaking to you. Tell him that
t here’s no point in ( 10) to avo id / avoiding each o t her an d that you are b oth old en ough (11) to so lve /
so lving your problems in a friendly way. Offe r ( 12) me et / to mee t somewhere to talk e veryth ing over.
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154
Use of English
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the phrases in the box.
lose one’s way the other way round by the way know one’s way around on one’s way in one’s way
1. Excuse me, sir! You’re and I can’t get off the bus.
2. Ted Oh, there’s been a change of plan. We’re not going to the park.
Peter I don’t believe this! I’m already there. Why didn’t you call me earlier?
3. Jack didn’t pass the ball to Leo. It was .
4. Mark Jack is late! Do you think he ?
Gary I wouldn’t worry about him. He . He’ll be here any minute.
D. Choose a or b.
1. After driving for three hours, they stopped at
a restaurant something to eat.
a. to have b. having
2. How about the National Museum tomorrow
afternoon?
a. visiting b. visit
3. Saud was ready when his friend called and
cancelled their meeting.
a. leaving b. to leave
4. How did you manage your Science project on time?
a. finish b. to finish
C. Rewrite the sentences using the words given.
5. Our teacher taught us each other.
a. respecting b. to respect
6. Aisha is interested in more about the
culture of the Bedouins.
a. learning b. learn
7. Ameen suggested to Abha the following
day.
a. to drive b. driving
8. is a great way to spend a peaceful
afternoon.
a. To read b. Reading
1. Babies always cry when they are hungry. help
Babies
2. This Maths problem is very difficult. I can’t do it. too
This Maths problem
3. I asked Paul to lend me his bike. He said ‘no’. refused
Paul
4. I had to call Mr Henderson but I forgot. remember
I didn’t
5. I asked my father to go to the park. He said ‘yes’. let
My father
6. There’s a possibility that I’ll travel abroad next month. may
I
7. I saw Andy at the stadium. I couldn’t believe it. surprised
I
8. Do you want to go to the beach tomorrow? feel like
Do you
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