تعبير تقرير برجراف فقرة برزنتيشن بحث موضوع ملخص
جاهز باللغة الانجليزية كتابة انشاء عبارات
حكم اقوال تعبير بالانجليزي عن تقرير جاهز
سهل بسيط قطعة معلومات عامة شاملة بسيطة مبسط نبذة عن الاقتصاد السكان جمل عن بلادي
اسم كلمة معنى كيف تكتب مترجم رحلة عن مقال جمهورية دولة حول تكاليف المعيشه السياحة في للطلاب عرض للصف السادس للصف الاول للصف الثاني
للصف الثالث للصف الرابع للصف الخامس للصف السادس للصف السابع للصف الثامن للصف التاسع
للصف العاشر ابتدائي جمل سهل وقصير معالم موقع تقرير
عن تراث بالانجليزي ابي موضوع ابراج خمس جمل
قديما أبرز المناطق السياحية مختصر حول الحياة
والعادات والتقاليد فى لمحة تعريفية بالانجلش
تلخيص قصير كلمة تحدث تقرير انجليزي عن اي
دوله مقدمة خاتمة information about paragraph
presentation location my country uae كم عدد
سكان مدن
الوجهات العرب المسافرون نقاط الاهتمام مساحة تحدث جغرافية جغرافيا عبارات شعر قصيدة مؤثر كلام قصير مترجم بالعربي شكل عام موضوع مؤثر اللغات الرسمية ديانة اسماء مدن
المناطق الريفيه الشعب الجنس رئيس لغتها الرسمية قوانين موقع الوطن عادات وتقاليد بحث علمي كامل الجمهوريّة اللبنانيّة بيروت
The latest ranking of the United Nations Development
Program (UNDP) ranks it 72nd in the world for the Human Development Index (HDI)
[6]. With an HDI of 0.762, Lebanon is placed in the group of countries with a
"high human development". This index is, however, to be relativized
considerably because of the large inequalities and difficulties observable on
the ground.
These positive and encouraging indicators, however, are
not enough to overshadow the country's political realities.
Indeed, Lebanon regularly experiences episodes of
unrest, even paralysis, political, mainly due to the negotiations between the
various alliances in power.
Given the diversity of the communities in Lebanon, the
country has opted for consociativism to ensure that each community has a fair
participation in political life on the basis of quotas. This resulted in an
"original institutional construction" [7]: confessionalism, a system
"which constitutionally distributes executive positions and seats of
legislative institutions among different religious communities" [8].
Indeed, the confessions in Lebanon have a political
translation, it is even what organizes the political life and the functioning
of all the institutions of the State, and this, since the French mandate which
established the confessionnalism with the Constitution of the May 23, 1926. The
National Pact of 1943 reproduces this organization. The Taif Agreements, signed
in Saudi Arabia in 1989 to organize a way out of the crisis in the face of the
Civil War, have only confirmed this organization, even though they have made
de-confessionalisation a "primordial national objective" [9] in the
to the extent that there is no concrete progress, other than the removal of the
mention of the confession on the identity card.
Confessionalism is a limit to democracy in that
citizens are not free to elect the candidate of their choice: there are
community quotas for all elections, and voters can only vote for candidates of their
choice. community. Recent attempts have been made to amend the electoral law in
view of the elections originally scheduled for June 2013. However, the
impossible consensus and the deteriorating security conditions led to the
postponement of the elections until November 2014, and the question of an
electoral law that would lift the community mortgage has remained unanswered,
the priority having been given, once again, to security issues, especially
after the events of Tripoli and Saida in the summer of 2013 [10].
On several occasions, denominational tensions have
blocked the regime by making it impossible to form a government for several
months. A representative episode of the paralyzing effect of these tensions
occurred in 2006 when Shia ministers resigned from the government launching a
broad protest against the government. The election of a successor to President
Emile Lahoud whose mandate was due to expire in November 2007 proved
complicated and it was not until an international mediation of Arab countries
under the aegis of Qatar to obtain mutual concessions and thus lead to the
agreement. of Doha of May 21, 2008 which allowed the election of the
commander-in-chief of the Lebanese Army, General Michel Sleiman at the head of
the Lebanese Republic [11]. This was again the case recently after the
appointment of Tammam Salam on April 6, 2013 at the head of the government
following the resignation of Prime Minister Najib Mikati at the end of March
2013. In October 2013, it is still the resigning government which is in charge
to dispatch current affairs while Tammam Salam attempts, again, to form a
consensual and neutral government.
Confessionalism is also a limit to the authority of the
state and its sovereignty over its population insofar as communities have real
expertise in private law and the status of individuals. Thus, religious bodies
have full jurisdiction over matters relating to marriage, parentage, and
succession. In Lebanon there is no personal status code that is secular and
universal. Communities are also competent in the judiciary as they have their
own "courts, laws and procedures and are independent of the judicial
system" [12]. State civil registration services have only a function of
registration and centralization [13].
Despite the blockages that it causes and the
institutional fragility it maintains, confessionalism seems to resist all
questioning. In fact, confessionalism is a political taboo in Lebanon. Although
civil society is mobilizing more and more in favor of its abolition, it faces
the strong opposition of a large part of the country's political and religious
elite. The Amal Movement, and Hezbollah, two Shiite parties, are among the few
voices supporting de-confessionalisation. The controversy surrounding civil
marriage, regularly revived, is both illustrative and revealing all the
tensions surrounding this issue that goes beyond religion alone to raise, or
even above all, politics.
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