معلومات عن فرنسا بالانجليزي

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معلومات عن فرنسا بالانجليزي باريس  مترجم رحلة  مدينة تلخيص عن فرنسا بالانكليزي

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تحدث عن فرنسا

 Introduction

France is the largest country in the European Union (551,695 km² in metropolitan France). The country has a population of nearly 66 million in 2013. It is also the largest state in the EU. Its capital, Paris (more than two million inhabitants) is a "City-World". The official language is French and the currency is the Euro. France's political system is the Republic. Its GDP is about $ 2,580 billion, which equates to a share of $ 44,401 per capita. In terms of the Human Development Index (HDI), France ranks twentieth in the world with an index of 0.893. Life expectancy, meanwhile, is 81.7 years.

The flag of France represents three vertical stripes blue white and red. Blue and red being the color of the capital (Paris) and white the color of the king (before 1789, France was a monarchy).

This country is located in Western Europe. It is of a hexagonal form. Its borders are with Belgium, Luxembourg to the north. Germany, Switzerland and Italy to the east and finally Spain to the South. A territory with a diverse landscape, thanks on the one hand to many mountains: the east (Vosges, Alps, Jura), the center (Massif Central) and south (the Pyrenees). On the other hand France also has large plains crossing the country. Metropolitan France has more than 5,500 kilometers of coastline thanks to the North Sea, the Channel, the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. In addition, France has five rivers: the Seine, the Loire, the Rhone, the Garonne and the Rhine. The territory is divided into regions (27 in number), which are divided into departments (101 in 2013).

France is also a global presence. Indeed, the country has territories and overseas departments such as Guadeloupe, Martinique, New Caledonia, Guyana, etc. In all, there are more than 81,139 km² that join the total area of ​​France, for a population of 2,653,942. These territories are distributed all around the globe. Thanks to these DOM-TOM, France is the third world maritime domain with more than 10 million km² of EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone).

France is a democracy (power by and for the people) based on a republican regime. The Republic appears after the French Revolution of 1789 and replaces the Ancien Régime (absolute monarchy). Since then, five republics have succeeded each other. Moreover, during this period, other regimes were also set up (constitutional monarchy, empires, Vichy regime). France has followed an atypical path to put in place a stable political system.

Since 1958, France is in the Fifth Republic. This system is based on the constitution of 1958. It corresponds to the founding text and serves as the standard of the French system.

The great principles of the French Republic are enshrined in the 1958 constitution, giving birth to the Fifth Republic. The French model is based on the separation of the three powers: executive, legislative and judicial. At the head of the state is the President of the Republic (François Hollande in 2013) and the government. These two elements form the constituent power. This president is elected by direct universal suffrage and his mandate is for a period of five years. Legislative power is represented by the parliament (the National Assembly and the Senate). Since 1905, France is a secular state. Since the establishment of the fifth republic, the state apparatus is viable and stable. In this country elections are respected.

economic and financial

France is the fifth largest economy in the world. Its GDP is equal to 2,580 billion US dollars. The predominant sector in France is services, representing nearly 70% of the active population. This active population represents, in 2013, is about 30 million The country has more than three million companies.

For 2013, the average inflation is 1.3% in 2013 against 2.2% in 2012. From the second half of 2013, this inflation is stable, around 0.7%.

The budget balance (as a% of GDP) fell from -4.8 in 2012 to -3.8 in 2013. The current account balance also varies from -2.4 in 2012 to -1.9 in 2013. The public debt increases from 90.2% of GDP in 2012, at nearly 94% in 2013. GDP per capita decreased by 2.6% between 2011 and 2013.

France has suffered the crisis of 2008. This has particularly affected its economy. After having recorded a decline in GDP growth between 2011 and 2012 (the growth rate went from 1.7 to 0), the country experienced a slight recession in 2013 (reaching 0.4%). From this bad economic situation arises a financial risk, France has been removed its triple A, corresponding to the best rating in terms of risk on the financial markets. As a result of this decision, France has seen its interest rates rise. This demotion comes from the fact that France has a very high level of public debt. Ratings agency estimates (including Fitch), predict a public debt equivalent to 96% of GDP for 2014.

The reasons are various to this recession. The unemployment rate reached 11.7% in September 2013, the purchasing power of households (58% of GDP) is steadily slowing and the low profitability of companies.

France is seeking to improve the competitiveness of companies while reducing the unemployment rate. However, the companies remain fragile from a financial point of view with a profit margin rate reaching only 28%. France has a very large number of SMEs, which have neither the size nor the power to be relatively efficient (in comparison with German companies) in terms of innovation and exports. Faced with increasingly fierce global competition, French companies are losing market share.

In addition, many sectors are affected by the crisis. The automotive, construction and transportation sectors are facing payment difficulties and are seeing a large number of job losses.

geographical and environmental

Seismic and geological hazards

The seismic risk is very present in France. However, there are two areas of risk to be distinguished. The risk associated with Metropolitan France. In this part of the territory, the risk is considered low to medium. In the event of earthquakes, the losses could amount to several hundred deaths. France overseas and especially the Caribbean, are at a much greater risk. In this part of the world, the losses would be in tens of thousands.

In France, it is Guadeloupe and Martinique that have the strongest seismic risks. These territories are located between two tectonic plates. In mainland France, the risk lies in the Alps, Provence or the Pyrenees.

The risk related to the volcano is in the same high risk areas for earthquakes (the West Indies). The risk is considered low in Metropolitan France.

Conclusion

From France's analysis, it appears that if a risk were to occur, it would be more likely to be of economic or financial origin than a political or geographical risk. Indeed the political situation of France is considered stable. The institutions are well anchored and the principles of democracy are respected. The country is not worried about security issues either. Indeed, even if France is involved in external conflicts, the latter are located far from French territories.

In 2013, the real risk is the same that affects the other European countries (Greece, Spain). That is to say, see its financial system crumble and enter a period of very high austerity. In fact, in 2013, the unemployment rate reached 11%. The economic risk is present and it prevents French companies from developing.

To conclude, France is a diplomatic power, a military power, an important technological power and has one of the largest maritime territories in the world. Finally France has a global cultural influence.