موضوع تعبير عن ليبيا بالانجليزي

تعبير تقريربرجراف فقرة برزنتيشن بحث موضوع ملخص جاهز باللغة الانجليزي  كتابة انشاء عبارات حكم اقوال تعبير بالانجليزي عن. تقرير جاهز سهل بسيط قطعة معلومات بسيطة مبسط نبذة عن الاقتصاد السكان تعبير عن بلادي اسم كلمة معنى كيف تكتب مترجم رحلة

information about    presentation معلومات عن جمهورية دولة حول  تكاليف المعيشه السياحة في  للطلاب عرض ملخص مختصر حول الحياة والعادات والتقاليد فى  لمحة تعريفية بالانجلش تلخيص قصير تحدث  تقرير انجليزي عن اي دوله معلومات عن

كيف تكتب موضوع تعبير باللغة الانجليزية تعبير عن بلادي ليبيا طرابلس بالانجليزي تعبير عن ليبيا الحبيبه التاريخ • ‏الجغرافيا • ‏السكان • ‏السياسة والحكومة ما هي عاصمة ليبيا

تعبير عن ليبيا الحبيبه  عاصمة ليبيا

Libyan libya flag tripoli

Introduction

Flag of Libya

Above the Libyan flag. Libya is in the form of a provisional government since the death of Muammar Gaddafi: the capital is Tripoli. Under Gaddafi Libya was a republic but Gaddafi remained in power for more than 40 years and his regime was put on the spot by the international community, which accused him of supporting terrorist movements. The official language is Arabic, but Berber and Italian are also spoken (two widely used languages in the country). In ethnic matters, the population is composed mainly of Arabs, Berbers, Arabized Berbers, Turkish descendants and Haoussa and Toubou tribes (in the south of the country). Libya hosts foreign emigrants from Egypt or sub-Saharan Africa (this immigration is largely illegal), there are also 6,000 Italians descendants of former settlers. The currency of the country is the Libyan Dinar (LYD). The Human Development Index was high in 2007 as it reached 0.847: Libya ranked 55th in the world compared to this index in 2007. But in 2012 Libya's HDI fell because its value was estimated at 0.769. In terms of population, Libya has 6.6 million inhabitants, this population was 3.6 million in 1984. Because of a growth rate of about 3% between 1960 and 2003, half of the population is young (under 15 years old). But the demographic transition has begun with a declining growth rate (it amounts to 2% to, and with a crude birth rate falling in 2003. There is an unequal distribution of the population because 90% of the population is The urban population represented 86% of the total population in 2003. The Libyan population is concentrated in the 3 most important cities: Tripoli, Benghazi and Al Bayda.

Stability of government and institutions: Before 1969 Libya was a monarchy. In 1969 Gaddafi took power by a coup d'etat and he established the Libyan Arab Republic. This Republic, of socialist inspiration, is governed by a Revolutionary Command Council (CCR) chaired by Gaddafi: it included 12 Libyan soldiers and it claimed to be the source of the executive power and the legislative power (the Council of Ministers is a simple executing agency). In 1970 Gaddafi became prime minister by combining the posts of head of state (as president of the CCR) and head of government. 5 of the 12 members of the CCR are appointed to ministerial positions. In 1971 he created a single party: the Arab Socialist Union, inspired by the Egyptian party of the same name. In 1977 this regime is dissolved and it gives way to the Jamahiriya where power is supposed to be exercised directly by the people. The Gaddafi regime will last for more than 40 years and it will be overthrown by the Libyan conflict in 2011.

As a result of this conflict, a provisional government was created, and more precisely the Transitional National Council (CNT) chaired by Mustafa Abdeljalil. The latter explains that sharia law will be the basis of the legislation of this transitional government. This announcement puzzles the European Union and the United States vis-à-vis respect for human rights: it shows that the fall of the Gaddafi regime has not necessarily left room for the advent of a democracy in Libya. On July 7, 2012 a National General Congress is elected by universal suffrage, it replaces the CNT and its role is to designate a new transitional government before the establishment of the definitive institutions governing Libya is effective. Thus the transition following the conflict is delicate because we have a succession of transitional governments and a lack of solid political institutions that could lead to a stability of the Libyan state.

Socio-economic conditions: Libya has undergone many economic and social changes following the coup d'état proclaimed by Gaddafi in 1969. The economic and social policy conducted since 1969 has helped to improve the living conditions of Libyans. Thanks to the oil windfall the Libyan authorities have invested in the education system: progress has been made as the literacy rate has increased from 20% in 1969 to more than 80% today. The average life expectancy increased from 44 years to 70 years between 1969 and 2013. At the social level, the status of women has been modernized with the introduction of strong measures such as the law on marriage and marriage. divorce (1984), professional integration more accessible, the possibility of enjoying one's own property.

However, these socio-economic conditions have deteriorated due to the revolt of 2011: the country will need time to rebuild itself in the social and economic fields because the revolution did not solve all the problems in the country.

- Internal conflicts: Libya experienced its revolution in 2011 against the Gaddafi regime. This revolution is the result of the protest movement started in Tunisia called the Jasmin Revolution (the latter was at the origin of the movement of the "Arab Spring"). The revolt began on February 17, 2011, but some had anticipated an uprising as early as February 15 because of the arrest of a Benghazi lawyer (Fathi Tirbil) who sparked a spark in the minds of the Libyan people. The uprising is due to mass youth unemployment, lack of freedom of expression, social frustration and the Gaddafi clan's grip on power. The revolt begins in the East: Tobruk and Benghazi are the first cities to reject the pro-Gaddafi. The children of Gaddafi (Muatassim and Khamis) intervened in the media to defend the regime and they lead the offensive of repression of the protest. Tripoli becomes a strategic issue for rebels and pro-Gaddafi because it is the last bastion of the regime to control. In the end a coalition led by France, the United States and England is formed to end the movement: the Gaddafi regime collapses.

The repression was very deadly: 6000 dead including 3000 in Tripoli, 2000 in Benghazi and 1000 in other cities. The Libyan conflict raises the question of whether the Gaddafi regime did not involve non-Libyan mercenaries to stop the protest movement. This war has led to a mass exodus of refugees.

Ethnic pressures: Since the fall of Gaddafi the Libyan desert is part of a war between Arab tribes and the Toubou people for control of the border, a crossing point for trafficking. In 2012 the Toubou asked the UN to take action to eradicate "ethnic cleansing" because of clashes between the two groups in the city of Sebha (southern Libya): the fighting killed 147 people and more 400 injured (data from the transitional government). The Toubous are asking for help from the UN because they denounce raids in their neighborhoods.

economic and financial

- GDP per capita: In 2013 the GDP per capita in Libya amounted to $ 10864: it is down compared to that in 2012 since it reached $ 12,778. Between 2010 and 2011 GDP per capita was almost halved: in 2010 it reached 11729 dollars while in 2011 it was around 5500 dollars.

- GDP growth rate: In 2010 the GDP growth rate in Libya was 4.2% of GDP: it is therefore up from the one recorded in 2009 (2.1% of GDP or a rate multiplied by two). But the revolution in early 2011 had a negative impact on the GDP growth rate. In 2011, the rate was close to 2% of GDP, then steadily decreased in 2012 (around 1% of GDP) and in 2013 (0.7% of GDP).

- Annual inflation rate: For the first ten months of 2013 the inflation rate is 6.1% against 5.8% over the same period in 2012. This increase in inflation comes from an increase in the price of products basic necessities (9.6%), meat prices (9.3%), edible oils (23.5%), dried fruits (10.8%), beverages (5%) and alcoholic beverages (14.2%).

- Budget balance (in% of GDP): Libya is experiencing a budget deficit that will worsen in the coming months due to disruptions of about 60% of its oil exports, the majority of which is in the East according to the first Libyan Minister Ali Zeidan. In 2012 the budget balance reached 9% of GDP and in 2013 it is estimated at 4% of GDP. This budget balance takes into account the importance of hydrocarbons, which represent about 90% of Libya's budget revenue: the level of the budget balance expected in 2013 will be impacted by the country's restructuring policy following the 2011 uprising, which will generate very important costs for the Libyan economy.

- Current account balance (in% of GDP): In 2012, the current account balance represented 29.2% of GDP but it is estimated in 2013 that the same balance will be negative, of the order of -4.7% of GDP. Overall, the balance of current transactions fluctuates over time. In 2009, it was close to 14.9% of GDP and 19.5% of GDP in 2010, but in 2011 it dropped to 9.1% of GDP before rising sharply in 2012.

- External debt (in% of GDP): Libya is one of the most successful countries in the world in terms of external debt because in 2011 it represents only 3.3% of GDP: by comparison the external debt is 84.5 % of GDP in France and 88.9% of GDP in the United States.

- Trade balance: Between 2008 and 2012 the trade balance has fluctuated sharply. It stood at $ 52,950,000 in 2008, then was virtually halved the following year ($ 27,100,000), in 2010 it climbed slightly with $ 30,998,000. In 2011 it is again experiencing a vertiginous decline because it is divided by three (it reaches $ 1,000,000) and in 2012 it is multiplied by about three (to reach $ 36,000,000).

- Exchange rate stability: We note that the Libyan exchange rate is between 1.60 and 1.80 globally between 2007 and 2011. In 2008 1 euro = 1.79 LYD, then the exchange rate decreased in 2009 because 1 euro = 1.74 LYD. In 2010 it continued to fall in a slightly higher proportion (1 euro = 1.68 LYD) and in 2011 the rate increased: 1 euro = 1.70 LYD. There is an instability in the exchange rate but the fluctuations remain moderate.

Seismic and geological: Libya is located on a craton of the Earth's crust called the Nilotic craton. To the west of the Jebel Akhdar were the Pan-African mountain ranges: the Jebel Akhdar is called the Green Mountain and it designates the region of Cyrenaica. These formations have experienced volcanic episodes. It is noted that Libya is prone to earthquakes. In 2013 the city of Sabratha (in the west of the country) experienced an earthquake measuring 4.7 degrees on the Richter scale: this seismic episode spread to Tripoli and Surman. In 2011, Libya experienced one of the most violent seismic episodes as an earthquake measuring 8.4 degrees on the Richter scale hit the Libyan coast.

General conclusion

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To conclude we can say that Libya is a country that has experienced many upheavals in all areas. At first the 2011 revolution profoundly changed the political landscape of Libya because it led to the fall of Gaddafi, however we note that the political transition is very difficult to operate because of instability in the governments of Libya. transition. The revolt of 2011 has not yet had the desired effects because it did not necessarily lead to a modernization of the Libyan state: for example the revolution has not allowed for the moment to lower the level of corruption high which has plagued the country for many years. In a second time we see that the Libyan economy has been affected by the revolution: it can not diversify because it is too dependent on hydrocarbons and oil and gas extraction capacities (these elements are the main ones sources of development of the Libyan economy). Moreover Libya can not solve its security problems because terrorism continues to be omnipresent (Libyan rebel groups are spreading terror) and the Libyan army is not powerful enough to bring peace and security. security in the country. These security problems pose threats to Libya as ethnic conflicts and external conflicts (at the borders with neighboring countries) occur, leading to insecurity.

However Libya has assets not to be neglected. The fall of Gaddafi is still a major step forward for Libya because it can allow reconstruction on the political level even if the transition looks long and difficult. Moreover, Libya can count on its oil reserves and it enjoys a significant weight on the international scene because it is a member of many international organizations. Despite an uncertain future, Libya has opportunities to seize. It has a soft power in full development (including the growing contribution of cinema and new media boom), and a technological potential that can help him in part to overcome its current difficulties.

Libya's major challenges in the future are economic diversification to be less dependent on oil, the fight against corruption, the fight against terrorism, the modernization of its infrastructure and the development of more efficient public services.