بحث عن مصر باللغة الانجليزية

تعبير تقرير برجراف فقرة برزنتيشن بحث موضوع ملخص جاهز باللغة الانجليزي  كتابة انشاء عبارات حكم اقوال تعبير بالانجليزي عن  تقرير جاهز سهل بسيط قطعة معلومات عامة شاملة بسيطة مبسط نبذة عن الاقتصاد السكان جمل عن بلادي اسم كلمة معنى كيف تكتب مترجم رحلة عن مقال جمهورية دولة حول  تكاليف المعيشه السياحة في  للطلاب عرض ملخص مختصر حول الحياة والعادات والتقاليد فى  لمحة تعريفية بالانجلش تلخيص قصير كلمة تحدث  تقرير انجليزي عن اي دوله مقدمة خاتمة  information about   paragraph  presentation  location كم عدد سكان  مدن  الوجهات العرب المسافرون نقاط الاهتمام مساحة تحدث جغرافية جغرافيا  عبارات شعر قصيدة مؤثر كلام قصير مترجم بالعربي  شكل عام موضوع مؤثر اللغات الرسمية ديانة  اسماء مدن  المناطق الريفيه الشعب الجنس رئيس لغتها الرسمية  برجراف عن السياحة فى مصر بالانجليزى موضوع عن القاهرة بالانجليزي مصر فى المستقبل الاثار المصرية بحث عن الاهرامات  مصر أم الدنيا موضوع تعبير متوقع بالإنجليزية Paragraph عن حال مصر how to make egypt better place

Technology and innovation

Research and Development (R & D) resources and infrastructures are not well developed and business R & D activities are not very important (no reliable data is available). The relative number of patents is also very low. Companies tend to innovate by adapting imported technologies and absorbing foreign knowledge through international collaboration. In Egypt, 39% of scientific articles and 24% of patent applications are the result of cooperation with foreign partners.

The R & D guidelines have undergone significant changes since 2007: the creation of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, which develops research policy; establishment of the Higher Council for Science and Technology, a consultative body involved in defining the strategy and R & D priorities; restructuring of the Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT), now responsible for developing advice and evaluation etc.

Increasing collaboration with developed economies in the field of science and research is one of the priorities of Egypt's strategy. The RDI Program was launched in 2007 with a grant from the European Union of US $ 13.4 million to stimulate links between industry and academia, as well as to facilitate the country's integration into the European Space. through its participation in the 7th Framework Program.

Egypt has also signed bilateral agreements for the funding of joint research projects and mobility programs (eg the Egypt-Germany Research Fund, GERF, or the Egypt-US Joint Fund for Science and Technology). technology). Scholarships have also been created to attract highly qualified Egyptian and foreign researchers to Egypt.

In addition to suffering from severe water scarcity, Egypt faces the threat of desertification and irreversible soil degradation. The development of new and renewable energies and the questioning of the current dependency on oil have been high on the list of priorities for national action in terms of R & D. A strategy was adopted in 2008 to diversify energy production and increase the consumption of renewable energy, particularly wind energy.

Cultural recognition

Culturally, Egypt is a "cultural lighthouse" [13] for the Arab-Muslim world. The Islamic University of Al-Azhar is the second oldest university in the Muslim world, dating from the 10th century. It hosts in its 64 faculties 20,000 Arab and foreign students. The universities of Cairo and Alexandria, established in 1908 and 1938 respectively, were for several decades a place of training for the Arab elite. Egypt also has the Al-Ahram Foundation which is one of the oldest journalistic foundations in the Arab world since its creation dates back to 1875.

At the level of Arab popular culture (pop culture), Egypt continues to produce the largest number of Arabic-language films distributed throughout the region. Between 1908 and 1998, three-quarters of the total films produced in the Arab world were Egyptian films [14]. It remains the first Arab state and even the only one of which four nationals have received the prestigious Nobel Prize.

After filming interruptions during the Egyptian revolution of 2011, many productions are paralyzed, in the face of economic uncertainties and changes in public tastes. Many film projects about the revolution are rising very quickly. Purification also agitates the cinema milieu. Black lists circulate, to exclude artists who are accused of their opposition to the revolution of January 25, 2011or simply their proximity to power.

Nevertheless, Egyptian cultural production, whether audiovisual or literary, continues to be a main tool of Egyptian soft power in the Arab world [15].

Ethnic pressures

The Coptic minority in Egypt, a Christian minority representing 10% of the population, has been regularly targeted by attacks in recent years. It was also not spared under the Mubarak government, but today it pays the posted support of the Coptic Church leader, Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria, to the coup author July 3 against Mohamed Morsi, General al-Sisi. The Copts therefore pay the price of solidarity with all the Egyptians who went out into the streets in late June to oppose the violent and totalitarian regime then in place. This results in the looting of houses looted and burned, assaults or church sackings.

seismic and geological

The country is located in an area of seismic activity. Indeed, located at the end of the African plate, at the intersection of Arabic plate to the east, Egypt has suffered many destructive earthquakes in its history related to tectonic movements. In 365 an earthquake killed 50,000 people in Alexandria. Similarly, in Cairo on October 12, 1992, an earthquake of 5.9 on the Richter scale caused 552 casualties. It was due to the intersection of a multitude of small tectonic plates and games of networks of faults that result.

In addition, Egypt also faces other natural hazards such as periodic droughts, sudden floods, landslides, warm storms called khamsin in the spring, and dust storms and sandstorms. .

In terms of the environment, the risks for Egypt are related to the decrease of agricultural land due to urbanization and sand displaced by wind; increasing salinization of the soil below Aswan High Dam; the desertification ; oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches and marine habitats; the waters are also polluted by agricultural pesticides. Finally, far from the Nile, natural freshwater resources are very limited. The Nile is the only source of perpetual water.

Conclusion

Admittedly, Egypt has some pillars on which it bases its power. Thanks to its geographical situation, it is at the crossroads of the main international sea and air routes connecting three continents: Europe, Africa and Asia. It can not be isolated from the interactions taking place between these three spaces as well as within them. Cairo controls one of the most strategic shipping lanes in the world, the Suez Canal. Thanks to this geographical situation, Egypt always claims to be a "bridge" between the Arabs and the world. The latest illustration of this status was the choice of Egypt as the first co-chair of the Union for the Mediterranean in 2008 and as a candidate for the permanent seat of Africa if the United Nations Security Council was reformed.

Demographically, even though Egypt suffers from a persistent economic crisis because of its overcrowding, its market of more than 75 million consumers makes it a pole that attracts Arab and foreign investors. In fact, one in four Arabs is Egyptian. With the early development of education in Egypt, this demographics has enabled the export of millions of cadres and skilled labor across the Arab world.

This demography also allows him to hold the largest active army in the region with 450,000 men. This puts Egypt at the 11th position of the world's largest active armies Militarily, Egypt is the first military power in the Arab world, the second largest in the Middle East (ranked as the most militarized region in the world) and the first military power in Africa (the second most militarized region in the world). The country's military prestige is based mainly on the fact that Egypt is the only Arab state that has recovered all of its territories occupied by Israel in 1967.

On the Arab terrain, the economic and technological power of Egypt is far exceeded by the Gulf States as well as by non-oil states such as Morocco and Tunisia. The regional power of Egypt must now compare and compete with the non-Arab powers that have penetrated the Arab political, economic, strategic and transnational spaces. The influence of these powers exceeds even that of Egypt in some of these spaces. On the one hand, the US superpower has unparalleled penetration into Arab political, economic and strategic spaces. On the other hand, Iran and Turkey have become important players in Arab international relations [16].

To these factors is added the national instability of the Egyptian political system which has damaged the regional influence of the country. Soft power (soft power) is also no longer an Egyptian monopoly in the Arab world.