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Alhacen, Alhazen or Ibn al-Haytham is a mathematician, philosopher, physiologist and physicist of the medieval Arab-Muslim world. His name is Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham1 (Basra, 965 - Cairo, musulman2.

One of the first promoters of the experimental scientific method, but also one of the first theoretical physicists to use mathematics, he is illustrated by his founding works in the fields of physiological optics and optics. Some, for these reasons, described him as the first true scientist, heir to the Greek and Indian scientists.

Biography

Alhazen was born in 965 in Basra in the present Iraq, where he received an education which he completed however in the city of Baghdad. At the time, Basra was under the control of the Buwayhide dynasty that reigned over Persia. This is why it is sometimes referred to as al-Bassri. Although this version is not accepted by all, most people agree that he died in Cairo in Egypt in 1039.

Alhazen began his career as a scientist in his native city of Basra. He was, however, summoned by the caliph Hakim, who wanted to control the flooding of the Nile which struck Egypt year after year. After conducting a desert expedition to the source of the famous river, Alhazen realized that this project was practically impossible. On his return to Cairo, he feared that the Caliph, who was furious at his failure, would avenge himself, and so decided to feign madness. He is then under house arrest3.

He took advantage of this forced leisure to write several books on various subjects such as astronomy, medicine, mathematics, scientific method and optics. Nearly 200 works have been awarded by biographers, but about sixty have reached us4. Few of these works have survived to the present day. Some of them, those on cosmology and his treatises on optics in particular, survived only through their Latin translation.

After the death of Caliph Hakim in 1021, Alhazen ceased to feign his madness and was able to leave his residence. He took the opportunity to undertake some trips, notably to Al-Andalus (in Spain today)

He died in 1039.

Alhazen was one of the first to state the laws of the scientific process (source emission Cosmos with Neil de Grasse Tyson.) Alhazen invented a way to correct his errors, a systematic and implacable method to rid his reasoning of all prejudices: The search for truth is arduous, the road that leads is strewn with pitfalls, to find the truth, it is advisable to leave aside his opinions and not to trust the writings of the ancients. You must put them in doubt and submit each of their statements to your critical mind. Rely only on logic and experimentation, never on the affirmation of one and the other, for every human being is subject to all sorts of imperfections; in our quest for truth, we must also challenge our own theories in each of our researches to avoid succumbing to prejudice and intellectual laziness. Do this and the truth will be revealed to you. "

His research

Most of his research was concerned with geometric and physiological optics. He was one of the first physicists to study light, one of the first engineers and one of the earliest astronomers of the Middle Eastern Muslim world. Contrary to a popular belief, he was the first to explain why the sun and the moon seem bigger when they are close to the horizon (it was long believed that it was Ptolemy, it also established that the light of the the moon comes from the sun.6 It is also he who contradicted Ptolemy on the fact that the eye would emit light.He thought that if the eye was conceived in this way one could see the night.He understood that light of the sun was diffused by the objects and then entered the eye.

He was also the first to illustrate the anatomy of the eye with a diagram. As this diagram is not innovative in comparison with Galen's anatomical knowledge, doubt remains as to whether it was copied from an ancient Greek manuscript or whether it stemmed from a contemporary dissection.

He also articulated a theory about the judgment and recognition of objects. He remarks that we recognize only objects that we know, and that the image of an object persists for some time after we have closed our eyes. Recognition is therefore based on memory and is not merely a sensation linked to judgment, for we do not recognize objects that are unknown to us. He also studied the mechanics of motion and says that a moving object continues to move as long as no force stops it. The principle of inertia will be stated by Galileo and will be formulated rigorously by Isaac Newton.

In astronomy, he tried to measure the height of the atmosphere and found that the phenomenon of twilight (sunrise and sunset without seeing the sun) is due to a phenomenon of refraction: not exceed an angle of 19 ° with the atmosphere. He also spoke of the attraction of the masses and it is believed that he knew the gravitational acceleration.

Alhazen has written several books on optics. In his Optical Tract, a book devoted to optical physics, and six years of writing (1015-1021), he scientifically proves the theory of Aristotle's intromission that light enters the eye. It proves that all objects reflect light in all directions, but it is when a ray collides at 90 ° with the eye that the object will reflect the ray. The image, according to Alhazen, was formed on the crystalline lens.

Heritage

Alhazen advanced several centuries ago by European scientists during the Renaissance. He was one of the first to use a method of scientific analysis and greatly influenced scientists like Roger Bacon and Kepler.

His doctrine was diffused in Europe by the writings of Roger Bacon and De Perspectiva de Vitellion.

Alhazen is highly regarded by the scientific community. His portrait is also on the Iraqi ticket of 10,000 dinars. Another tribute to Alhazen was to name the asteroid (59239) Alhazen in his honor, as well as to baptize a moon crater of his name. In addition, the International Year of Light and Techniques using Light2015 commemorates several major scientific events in the field of optics, notably the anniversary of the great discoveries of 10th century Arab scientists, whose work made by Alhazen in 1015.