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الوجهات العرب المسافرون نقاط الاهتمام مساحة تحدث جغرافية جغرافيا عبارات شعر قصيدة مؤثر كلام قصير مترجم بالعربي شكل عام موضوع مؤثر اللغات الرسمية ديانة اسماء مدن
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الزراعة وتربية الماشية من أهم المصادر الرئيسية
لكسب العيش في السودان الثروات الحيوانية في السودان
Agriculture and livestock in Sudan
Agriculture and livestock are the historical
pillars of the Sudanese economy. Sudan, with an area of 1.86 M km2, has a high agricultural
potential, currently under exploited.
The Sudanese agricultural sector
accounted for 30.5% of GDP in 2013 and 28.2% in 2014, and agricultural exports account
for 60% of the country's non-oil exports. The sector employs between 70 and 80
percent of the workforce in rural areas and provides about 60 percent of the
agri-food industry's raw material needs.
Agriculture and livestock in Sudan
Agriculture and livestock are the
historical pillars of the Sudanese economy. Sudan, from
area of 1.86 M km2
, has a strong agricultural potential,
currently under exploited.
The Sudanese agricultural sector
accounted for 30.5% of GDP in 2013 and 28.2% in 2014, and
agricultural exports account for 60% of
the country's non-oil exports. The area
employs between 70% and 80% of the
workforce in rural areas and provides about 60% of the
the needs of the agri-food industry for
raw materials. The majority of cultures are of nature
commercial (and not subsistence).
Year Agriculture Industry Services Total
% of contribution to GDP
2012 33 20 47 100
2013 30.5 21.5 48 100
2014 28 24 48 100
Source: Central Bank of Sudan
1. Basic data
Earth
Sudanese land is divided into, in
millions of hectares:
natural pastures 47
forests 74
cultivable land 84
of which cultivated 16.8
of which irrigated 1.86
Climate and water resources
The country's climate ranges from aridity
in the north to humid tropical areas in the south.
The average temperatures, very important,
vary from 26 to 36 ° C.
2
Rainfall is generally low. They are
concentrated during the wet period
between June and September. During this
season the rains are very localized and extremely violent
This can cause soil washing or, more
rarely, flooding. At the same time
Nile is in flood and irrigates naturally
the banks dedicated to agriculture.
The rains are distributed as follows:
• 36% of the total area, in the desert
zone, receives between zero and 100 mm of
rain
• 20%, in the semi-desert region, from
100 to 300
• 24%, in poor savanna, between 300 and
400
• 20%, rich savanna between 400 and 800.
It is estimated at 30 billion m3
/ year all water resources in Sudan,
including 20 billion m3
/ year
come from Nile waters, 5-7 from seasonal
rivers (wadis) and 4 from groundwater.
2. Different farming methods
The average size of a Sudanese farm is
several hundred hectares.
Sudanese agriculture is 1) irrigated and
/ or rainfed, 2) traditional or semi-mechanized.
The production of rainfed agriculture is
highly dependent on rainfall.
Irrigated farming
The total area of irrigated cultivation in Sudan is about
1.8 million hectares. it
includes the clay lands of eastern and
central Sudan, the Nile shores including deltas
of the two tributaries of the Blue Nile:
Toker and Algash.
The crops grown are cotton, sorghum,
peanut, wheat, sugar cane, crops
horticultural crops, vegetables,
sunflower and corn.
This sector is divided into two sectors,
modern and traditional. The first is characterized by
the use of machines (medium and large
tractors), the use of agro-chemicals (herbicides,
insecticides and fertilizers) and
improved seeds. It includes a new business agriculture
emerging markets developed by Sudanese
companies, as well as foreign investors,
apply advanced agricultural technologies
especially for irrigation. These farms are
particularly specialized in the
production of alfalfa.
The irrigated sector consists of four
main projects (see annex for map "main areas
in Sudan "):
3
1) The project of Gezira to the State of
Gezira in Central Sudan, historical stronghold of the culture of
cotton in Sudan and once the backbone of
the country's economy. Largest irrigated project at
Sudan, it covers 900,000 hectares.
2) The project of the new Halfa, in the
state of Kassala, on an area of 168 000 hectares.
3) The Alrahad project which extends
between the two states of al-Gadarif and Algezira, on an area of
126,000 hectares.
4) Alsouki's 37,000 hectare project in
the state of Senar. Public in the past, these projects have
privatized and are now operated by
individual farmers who farm farms
an average size of six hectares. Crops
include cotton, peanut, sunflower and
flowers.
Source: Central Bank of Sudan
Rain culture
The rain zones are located south of the
300 mm / year rain line below (red below) and
extend to the borders of South Sudan.
4
Rainfed cultivation covers a total area
of about 15 million hectares, or 80% of the
total area cultivated. The sector
contributes to:
• all gum arabic and sesame produced in
Sudan,
• almost all millet,
• 70 to 80% of the groundnut,
• 60 to 70% of sorghum.
The Sudanese rainfed crop could easily
increase its surfaces, more difficult its
productivity. A quadrupling of production
is theoretically possible. He also asks for
low investment cost compared to the
irrigated sector.
Sources: Central Bank of Sudan
3. Livestock
Sudanese cattle comprise 104 million
head, distributed as follows:
Sudanese animal population in millions of
heads
Cattle 30
Sheep 39
Goats 31
Camels 4
Total 104
Source: Ministry of Animal Resources
More than 90% of these animals are
traditionally raised.
Extensive nomadic livestock farming in
arid areas in the north of the country is entirely dependent on
natural pastures. In contrast, intensive
farming, often by large companies, in
Irrigated and urban requires skills and
capital. There is a semi-intensive breeding between the two,
traditional, sedentary, villager and
provincial.
Animal production in thousands of tonnes
2013 2014
Meat 1 466 1 476
Milk 4,359 4,391
Poultry 55 60
Eggs 45 50
Fish 89 91
Animal skins 53,5 53,8
Source: Ministry of Animal Resources
Exports of animals are becoming
increasingly important after the decline in pet exports and
gold. In 2015, with US $ 800 million (out
of a total of Sudanese exports of US $ 3.1 billion),
live animals were the largest export item
(ahead of gold, US $ 700 million).
In 2015 Saudi Arabia absorbed (in value)
62% of Sudanese animal exports and
Egypt 25%.
Egypt, which represents a significant
potential market for the export of animals and
Sudanese meat, signed in February 2016 an
agreement to purchase 800,000 Sudanese cattle. What
would be the most important economic
transaction between the two countries is seen as a stimulus
trade between Egypt and Sudan, considered
to be below possibilities, despite
the recent construction of a road linking
the two countries.
4. Agriculture around Khartoum
Khartoum Province has a hot and dry
climate: rainfall is low, 145 mm /
year on average.
Its surface area of 2,100 hectares is divided into:
• forests 70 hectares.
• natural pastures 880 hectares.
• cultivable land 750 hectares, of which
rainfed crops between 75 to 210 hectares.
The state has 1.2 million head of cattle
and 9.3 million poultry, and 1.5 million head of cattle from the
province, for local consumption or
export.
5. Arab agricultural investments in Sudan
Sudan has been experiencing a wave of
Arab agricultural investments in recent years,
including Saudi Arabia, the United Arab
Emirates and Qatar.
Since the decision of Saudi Arabia, the
main supplier of alfalfa to the Gulf countries, to stop
alfalfa exports, given the limitation of
the country's groundwater reserves, the
The production and export of alfalfa has
grown considerably in Sudan. In the state
of Khartoum alone, 75,000 hectares are
devoted to it, by foreign investors, but also by
Sudanese groups like DAL and CTC. This
culture is characterized by the use of technologies
modern, including the use of irrigation
pivots. In 2014 alfalfa exports reached
60 MUSD.
At the meeting of the Economic Council of
the Arab League in January 2013 in Riyadh, the President
Sudan has launched the "Arab Food
Security Initiative", inviting
Arab funding to invest in agriculture in
Sudan. This coincided with a proposal by
the King of Saudi Arabia, to increase by
50% the capital of the "Arab Authority for Agricultural
Investment and Development ", of
which 20% is earmarked for the implementation of this initiative.
6
The Lebanese group GLB Invest started in
2013 the exploitation of 8 400 hectares in Wad Hamid
in the Nile State for alfalfa. The
project represents the first phase of one more operation
90,000 hectares.
The Sudanese government indicated at the
beginning of 2015 that Saudi, Emirati and
Qatar, the majority of which in the
agricultural sector, had reached US $ 13 billion for the former,
the second and 1.6 for the third.
The National Investment Authority
announced in January 2015 the following Arab projects:
- An investment of 100 MUSD from the
Qatari company "Hassad" for cereals and cereals
alfalfa on 115,500 hectares in Abu Hamad
in the Nile State. The project provides for the construction
a 20 km irrigation canal connected to the
Nile.
- The "Alkafaa" project of the
Saudi company Al Rajhi, devoted to wheat (200,000 tons) and
alfalfa; over 42,000 hectares in the Nile
State.
- The same company "Al rajhi"
is also considering another project in the State of the North, out of 80,000
hectares, for the production of 400 000
tonnes of wheat.
- Taba project of the Saudi company
"Al Rawabi" in the Nile State on 90,000 hectares
for wheat and alfalfa.
In November 2015, Saudi Arabia and Sudan
signed four agricultural investment
the total value of 2.25 billion USD. This
concerns:
• the construction in five years of three
dams on the Nile in northern Sudan: Kajbar,
Alshireik and Dal,
• financing of other hydraulic projects
• the cultivation of 420 000 hectares on
the two rivers Atbara and Siteit. Arab funds
finance the construction of two dams
bearing the two names of these rivers, and 90%
work has been completed.
The Emirati group "Alzahira" is
negotiating the exploitation of an area of one million
of hectares on the plain of Albutana
which extends between the east of Sudan and the State of the Nile.
6. The French presence in agriculture in
Sudan
This part can be requested from the
Khartoum Economic Service.
7. The difficulties of the agricultural
sector
The Sudanese agricultural sector faces
many chronic problems, the most important of which are
are listed below:
Financial problems, due to the reluctance
of the Sudanese banks to finance, especially long and
medium term, farmers because of high
risks.
Productivity problem, especially in the
traditional sector, due to lack of
modern agricultural technologies,
improved seeds, fertilizers and pesticides.
Problem of lack of agricultural research
in Sudan
Infrastructure problem, including
electricity, water and roads, which
increase the cost of investments.
Institutional issues, in particular
concerning the land status of agricultural land:
foreign investors have been confronted
with conflicts between federal authorities and regions in
this domain.
Major agricultural areas in Sudan
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