جغرافيا تضاريس الطبيعة في الاردن بالانجليزي

تعبير  معلومات تقرير برجراف فقرة برزنتيشن بحث موضوع ملخص جاهز عن  تعبير بالانجليزي عن. تقرير جاهز عن. عندي بحث بالانجليزي

 جغرافيا تضاريس الطبيعة في الاردن بالانجليزي حدود الاردن مع الاردنية ترسيم  منفذ الاردن  المعابر الاردن والسعودية الموقع الجغرافي

Geography and landscapes Jordan

Geography

Geologically, Jordan is the junction point of the large continental plates of Eurasia, Africa and India. Hence the fractures that can be observed, such as that of the Gulf of Aqaba, one of the largest of the earth's crust (7 000 km), or this well-known curiosity that is the Dead Sea ( at about 424 m below sea level). It is not uncommon for the earth to tremble, although earthquakes generally remain of low amplitude (4.4 on the Richter scale on September 9, 2006, for example).

Jordan comprises 3 major regions.

- To the west, the Jordan Valley sits in Ghor, a tectonic moat extended by the Dead Sea and the Wadi Araba valley. Well watered by the rains, it has almost tropical vegetation It is the main agricultural region of the country.

- Further east, the Transjordan plateaus dominate the tectonic moat by almost 1,500 meters and stop rains coming from the Mediterranean. Consequence: the valleys are relatively cool and watered.

- On the other hand, even more to the east, the rains are rare. The plateaus slowly lower towards the last region of the country, the desert, which covers more than 80% of the territory. This desert is above all rocky, although we can see some sand dunes in some places (in Wadi Rum for example).

Environment: the problem of water

A deficit that gets worse

Jordan is one of the four poorest countries in terms of water resources available. Sometimes, in the summer, the tanks above the houses ring hollow and the more disadvantaged areas, with obsolete infrastructures, can be deprived of water for several weeks. Availability reaches just 145 m3 per year per capita (1,000 m3 worldwide), while the water poverty threshold is 500 m3 per year per capita. This net deficit is filled by the overexploitation of groundwater and the pumping of non-renewable fossil groundwater.

Rainfall can not compensate, far from it, a strong population growth (3.5% per year), to which have contributed the repatriates of the Gulf War since 1991, the Palestinians fleeing the consequences of the second Intifada, the hundreds of thousands of Iraqi refugees since 2003 (58,000 today), and about 747,000 Syrian refugees since 2011. The water deficit can only get worse.

If only these meager water resources were subject to a consistent demand management! This is the crux of the problem: most of the available water comes from agriculture, which accounts for only 3% of GDP and occupies only 5% of the population. The remaining 23% is spent on domestic consumption, industry and tourism.

Another issue: the distribution of water. Across the country, there are 44% losses. These are either actual physical losses due to the obsolescence of the network, or "administrative" losses, which are nevertheless consumed: malfunctioning meters, for example, or random readings.

The exploitation of the networks must progress strongly (search of hidden leaks, renewal of the network ...), but its financial and human means are notoriously insufficient in the northern territories and in Amman.

"Strategic" priorities

Maintaining a water-intensive agriculture is a strategic choice for food self-sufficiency. For this use, but also to cope with the ever-increasing demand for drinking water in Amman and with the influx of Syrian refugees into a region that is also politically unstable, avoiding dependence on neighboring countries is a priority, and exploitation rivers is clearly geopolitical.

Initiated solutions

The politicians seem to have become aware of the problem, in the face of a still very strong water lobby. The Ministry of Water and Irrigation has launched a vast investment program. Thus, in agriculture, some crops could be abandoned for the benefit of other less consuming, optimized irrigation, regulated and especially fed from the reprocessing of wastewater.

The idea of ​​an upward revision of billing for irrigation water is also making its way, even to disadvantage Bedouins and villagers who take advantage of this free.

Thanks to international aid, several projects (dam construction, groundwater pumping and desalinization, in particular) have come to fruition or are on track.